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220 LUBOML afraid they would not be able to provide for everyday needs, such as bread, but they were also afraid for their physical existence. During the Austro-Hungarian rule in Luboml, a school opened where the German and Ukrainian languages were taught. Many teachers in this school were from out of town. I remember one specific teacher, Yene Kessler, who taught the town's children for many years in the Polish school. She also knew how to play chess quite well and taught many youngsters how to play. For the first time in Luboml's history there were integrated classes for boys and girls. This was a low point in Hebrew studies. Only when the war was finally over and Luboml was conquered by the Poles, was there an upswing in enlightenment and education in Luboml. The youth found ways to study an d read with the help of local and outside teachers. Among the teachers from the area were Tema Veyner, Chome Friedman, and B. Steinberg. The first Hebrew teacher was Asher Budman from Trisk. He wore a hat with a shiny brim and a coat with sparkling buttons. He was a student of Yakov Yoseph Wohl. He spoke Hebrew fluently, using the Ashkenazic pronunciation. He was invited to Luboml on the recommendation of Tsvi Erlich and Yoseph Zatz. On his first Sabbath in Luboml we went to pray at the Talmud Torah in order to hear his blessing of the Torah. As it turns out, he won our hearts with his clear accent and his pleasant reading of the Haftorah. From that time on he was considered an expert in the teaching of the Hebrew language. In those years (1920-21) a few more teachers came to Luboml: Palevski from Warsaw. and Dubelman. They opened schools for instruction in Hebrewbut this time using the Sephardic pronunciation. The schools were Tarbut and Yavneh. In these schools the students also learned the o ther subjects in Hebrew. After a while, Luboml youth joined the teaching staff. The first of these young teachers was Israel Garmi (Grimatlicht) who currently resides in Israel. After him Doy Ivri (Volvushes, also currently in Israel) joined the staff along with Shmuel Zilberberg, Zalman Fisher, and Doy Veyner (z"1). From this group of young teachers one stood out over the course of time: my brother Yakov Blumen. At the start they spoke of him as just the butcher's son. As the years passed, however, he became known as one of the best Hebrew teachers, and many of his students achieved high standing. The home of the teacher Yakov Blumen was comparable to the home of Eliezer Ben-Yehuda in Jerusalem. Their motto was: "Speak only Hebrew." The little ones who crawled on the floor spoke Hebrew using a Sephardic accent. His wife, Zipporah (may she rest in peace), once Yakov's student, learn ed to conduct her household in modern Hebrew. The names of household and kitchen utensils were written in Hebrew on a special board made by Yakov. Nevertheless, there were still many words and phrases we did not know in Hebrew. Yakov Blumen, however, worked hard to discover and invent Hebrew words. He did not want to utter any word that was not in Hebrew. We heard from Yakov's students (who came to Israel after the Holocaust) that Yakov was not satisfied just teaching Hebrew. He organized evening gatherings for questions and answers. He also had readings from Hebrew literature and literary critiques. Among these critiques and mock trials there was one concerning King Solomon and his thousand wives. This mock trial caused a scandal in the shtibl of the Chasidim from Trisk. On the Shabbat after this literary event, the fanatics stopped prayers and did not allow them to continue until Yakov Blumen, the "heretic," was removed from the shtibl. Of course, there were also those who defended Yakov. Among these men was Eliezer Einkelshteyn. Nevertheless, the fanatics had the upper hand in this situation. His father, the shochet R. Aaron, approached Yakov and asked him to go out into the corridor and pray on his own. The argument ended with this gesture. Nevertheless, Yakov was not discouraged by those who opposed him and continued his activities with the youngsters. He planted a love for Zion in his students, many of whom currently
SOCIAL, CULTURAL, AND EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES 221 reside in Israel and in America. Yakov very much longed to see Eretz Yisroel his whole life, but his dream was never realized. After Luboml was conquered by the Russians, Yakov was sent to the city of Lvov for advanced study in the Russian language so he could serve as a Russian teacher in the school in Luboml. While Yakov was in Lvov, the war broke out between Russia and Germany. Luboml was conquered by the Nazis and Yakov was not able to return to his family. He went deep into Russia as a refugee. Several Luboml refugees met Yakov, who worked as laborer in a flour mill. Yakov was weak and spiritually depressed. He died in Russia, and it is not known where he is buried. His wife, Zipporah, and their children remained in Luboml and were exterminated in the Holocaust together with all the Jews of the town. By some miracle, one of Yakov's sons, Moshele, survived the Holocaust. This son did make it to Israel and started a family in Kibbutz Reshafim.
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ovs.4 LAO c ST. f.rx to, r POST 0.
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Previous pages: The Great Synagogue
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11. o. o , _J Jr- ,a0 _ A -;-.
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Foreword to the English Translation
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FIGHTERS ON THE FRONT AND IN THE FO
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FOREWORD TO THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TO THE ORIGINAL YIZ
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HISTORY OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY IN
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HISTORY OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY IN
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THE EARLY DAYS THE HISTORY OF LUBOM
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egion, robbing, plundering, and mur
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More striking is the comparison wit
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il'7t*/ l'53'Iti,1 1,1" 3, trnn,,$3
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for other local revenue. In 1611, a
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history was connected with the regi
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(May 5, 1626), he set the following
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A craftsman may not keep an apprent
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agree, he shall be punished as the
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Maidansky" and Ben-Tsiyon Datil." T
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Natanson "for making a mistake and
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Torah. At the end of his life, he m
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answer is more complicated than for
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than in any of his previous or late
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placed by the Jews of those times u
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three rabbis from Amsterdam turned
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Lubomla (1617). As usual, there fol
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Betsalel son of R. Shloyme of Kobri
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against a rival. He signs: "Declare
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and had a pleasant, modern appearan
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1 Slovnik Geografitshny Polsky. 2 D
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written that Reb Gedaliah died in 5
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earth to a great thickness on all s
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ments from the Temple [in Jerusalem
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to their villages singing hoarsely
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THE EARLY DAYS else in a store or a
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the end of Friday evening services
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Forward-looking and enlightened par
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pedestrians. It was filled with the
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synagogue, perplexed as to why they
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these bands, though the town itself
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Epshteyn, who later was replaced by
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The whole district of Libivne had,
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Lyuba Shames-Vishnits, Yehudit Tsur
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I. tr. Members of HeChalutz, 1931.
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Jewish youth were living with a gre
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WORLD WAR I AND ITS AFTERMATH By Yi
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ullet hadn 't even touched him. Und
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certain extent, even into areas aro
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spread cultural activities that las
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Kochba, which ran for quite some ti
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drim.....10.0010111100.1111111101.1
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Among these youths was a studentsti
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ish residents in captured territori
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pair of horses we'd had since the G
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Hebrew Teachers Come to Our Town As
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In my day there were three rabbis i
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A JEWISH POSTAGE STAMP Luboml-Libiv
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THE ANCIENT LEDGER THAT WENT ASTRAY
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LIFE, RECONSTRUCTION, AND CREATIVIT
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years old. Those trees were cared f
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of worship took upon themselves the
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LUBOML'S ECONOMIC SITUATION UP TO 1
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eal shoes walked barefoot until the
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My hometown Libivne [Luboml], is lo
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There was a Jew, Shamele Protsentni
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I came originally from Volkovisk. S
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Of all the holidays observed in our
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orchard. We often became involved i
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THE JEWS OF THE VILLAGE OF STAVKE B
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AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A JEWISH DAUGHTER
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One of the most important instituti
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FROM DAILY LIFE 143 fir://,6- -A /)
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THE GREAT SYNAGOGUE By Yakov Hetman
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, .t. ,L., -I F.: FROM DAILY LIFE 1
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THE SYNAGOGUES AND CHASIDIM IN OUR
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The Bet HaMidrash also served as a
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interpret it all by myself. He was
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Three other houses of worship were
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SABBATH EVE IN THE SHTETL By Yitsha
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go into the rebbe's room one by one
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Whenever I reminisce about my homet
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In describing the daily life of our
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leading to the bath itself closed a
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from 150 pounds down to 100 in orde
Page 193 and 194: When the two men came to fix the wi
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Page 197 and 198: Judging him by his character, we ca
Page 199 and 200: The story of the rescue of Luboml's
Page 201 and 202: Dovid Veytsfrucht (London) was know
Page 203 and 204: then was up in years, though strict
Page 205 and 206: R. Moyshe Yitshak Kagan R. MOYSHE Y
Page 207 and 208: Moyshe Fuks, Yitshak Leyb Blumen, L
Page 209 and 210: °- issue, my older brother Motl, t
Page 211 and 212: The mill and the electricity-produc
Page 213 and 214: The whole time I was in America I a
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Page 217 and 218: He was also a member of the Chevra
Page 219 and 220: son, Asher, would always come to hi
Page 221 and 222: made sheepskin winter hats called k
Page 223 and 224: E.- The scroll of Esther %IN/1311v
Page 225 and 226: CHARACTERS AND PERSONALITIES 201 Ra
Page 227 and 228: SOCIAL, CULTURAL, AND EDUCATIONAL A
Page 231 and 232: EDUCATION AND CULTURE IN LUBOML 191
Page 233 and 234: IMPORTANT CULTURAL ACTIVITIES By Ye
Page 243: THE HEBREW HOME OF YAKOV BLUMEN By
Page 251 and 252: sleep and only the youth went outsi
Page 253 and 254: one side and go out on the other si
Page 255 and 256: forbade refugees in areas less than
Page 257 and 258: THE SOVIET AUTHORITIES By Yisroel L
Page 259 and 260: After that I saw many instances whe
Page 261 and 262: AS REFUGEES IN LUBOML By Rochl Melt
Page 263 and 264: OIL PRODUCTION IN THE GHETTO By Nat
Page 265 and 266: several other Jewish young men were
Page 267 and 268: THE JOURNEY FROM SPIRITUAL DESTRUCT
Page 269 and 270: Everyone joined in the hunt after t
Page 271 and 272: THE ANNIHILATION CHRONOLOGY OF DEST
Page 273 and 274: the brick factory stood and where f
Page 275 and 276: day we were still 12; todayonly one
Page 277 and 278: y the German police. Many children,
Page 279 and 280: their shovels. If they did not, the
Page 281 and 282: us, and every time we went to work
Page 283 and 284: Jews have already been taken." But
Page 285 and 286: The first Jewish victim in Libivne
Page 287 and 288: DURING THE HORRIBLE DAYS By Yakov E
Page 289 and 290: I SAW THIS WITH MY OWN EYES By Mash
Page 291 and 292: PRESS ARTICLES ABOUT THE KOVALCHUK
Page 293 and 294: From the Tog-Morgn Zhurnal, Wednesd
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attempting to appear to the Philade
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half-hour. Suddenly, an SS man with
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Shtreichera cousin to the one menti
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killed there. In spite of the dange
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FROM THE BOOK OF THE PROPHET EZEKIE
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her two children, another of his co
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woods. Here they built bunkers in w
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RESCUED FROM THE BIG FIRE By Rochl
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Passover came and a new exterminati
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Moscowa doctor, a prosecutor and tw
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Kampyoni, who had a good relationsh
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pieces of gold with me, and he exch
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coffee house with strange men. Afte
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As soon as the Russian army left, w
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ON A UKRAINIAN PASSPORT By Shmuel a
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milk and asked me what I wanted. I
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IN THE SHADOW OF DEATH By Chaike Ko
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long as I live, I will never forget
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to him longer than with the Grimatl
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A PRISONER OF WAR WITH THE GERMANS
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The schedule was the same as in the
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On our way, we decided to split int
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NEVER SAYZOG NISHT KEINMOL!!! Parti
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IN THE GHETTO, IN THE FOREST, AND W
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AS A POLE WITH THE PARTISANS By Jos
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waited a few hours, but the Judenra
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The Germans entered Libivne in 1939
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Mendl Zilberman as a Polish soldier
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CHAYIM ROZENBLIT: PARTISAN AND SOLD
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Like all other Jewish shtetls, Libi
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My sister Freyde, the daughter of L
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Nachman Weissman (z"1.) as a soldie
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FROM VILLAGE TO VILLAGE By Yisroel
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THE PARENTS WHO DID NOT MAKE IT By
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THE ACTIVITIES OF THE BENEVOLENT SO
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THE SURVIVORS AND THE RETURN TO LIF
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LIBIVNER JEWS IN ARGENTINA By Zelik
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THE FORMATION AND ACTIVITIES OF THE
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MEMORIAL PRAYER IN MEMORY OF THE HO
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THESE ARE THE NAMES OF ALL THE HOLY
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Dimetshteyn Avrom; wife; children D
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Frimerman Moyshe; wife, Sosl; child
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Hak Binyomen; wife; children Ben-Ts
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Krelin Meyer-Chayim; wife; children
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Avrom; wife; children Pinye (Tchode
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Privner Motl; wife, Chaye; son, Eli
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Yehuda Moyshe-Yoyne; wife, Roze; so
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Tsvirn Chayim; wife, Malke; son, Sh
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Zhelaznik Beyle (from Dubenko) Zieg
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398 (Y"Y) 10711 11n733 ri4nDi -or ,
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400 Luboml, Lubomla, mko rzad., pow
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Warm, Vibrant Shtetl Life on the Br
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A Return to LubomlAnd Dark, Distant
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406 happened, where history explode
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Oct. 1, 1993 The Sheltering Sky How
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April 14, 1995 In 1938 Esther Ziege
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412 also served as a Guest Curator
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414 Luboml's embrace is expansive.
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The Road to Luboml A Writer Retrace
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418 A local official listens, refus
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420 LUBOML and shrieks: "Don't take
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422 her home to see her icons. "She
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424 Mr. Dzei has amassed a formidab
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March 30, 1996 An Effort to Restore
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GREAT BRITAIN London* Europe 1937 *
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