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66 LUBOML
these schools, but, once the schools were established,
some Libivner Jews fought against them
with all their might.
As a weapon in this struggle, some Libivner
Jews contemplated establishing a modern Jewish
religious school for children, conducted in the
Orthodox spirit. They therefore founded in
Libivne a Yavneh school, though that came much
later. The Tarbut school was founded in the early
1920s, while the Yavneh school began to function
in the mid-thirties. It was only in a report of 1937
that first mention was made of the Libivne
Tachkmoni (meaning "wisdom" or "academy")
school, which affiliated with the Mizrachi-sponsored
Yavneh schools in Poland."
Some Orthodox Jews of the shtetl were not
satisfied with the struggle against Tarbut or with
their efforts to support the old chinuch-mosdot in
town. Instead, they wanted to expand even further
local Torah education.
After much effort, they succeeded in setting
up in Libivne a yeshiva k'tana [small yeshiva],
fashioned on the Novorodka type. They engaged
Rabbi Noach Katzman as head of the yeshiva. In
a letter dated the 18th day of Nisan, 1933, sent by
the Libivne Va' ad HaYeshivot (Yeshiva Committee)
to the Lutsk Regional Yeshiva Committee, it
was written that the town needed funds to bring
the head of the yeshiva and his family to Libivne.
The letter was signed by the members of the
Libivner Yeshiva Committee: R. Arye Leybish
HaCohen London, Avrom Sheyner, Moyshe Wein,
Henech Friedman (the rest of the names are
illegible).
Another letter asking for help for the yeshiva
ktana was sent to the regional committee of Va'ad
HaYeshivot, headquartered in Vilna. The letter
was penned by Libivne's other rabbi, R. Pinchas
Oselka.
In 1935, other members were co-opted to the
Libivne Va'adHaYeshivot: Reuven Tuzman (head
of the Noach Katzman Yeshiva), Matityahu
Melnitser, Meyer Shoychet, Beynish Melamed.
In 1936, the Libivne Va'ad HaYeshivot was
reorganized. New names were added to the membership:
the newly elected young rabbi, Alter
London, Kalman Meyler, Emanuel Yarin-
Kesboym, Meyer Sandlshteyn, Dovid Katz,
Liptsye Gleizer, Pinchas Granatshteyn, Avrom
Tzvi Tzukerman.
In a letter sent by the Libivne Va'ad
HaYeshivot, local Jews kept complaining that the
yeshiva ktana was in financial trouble because
the Metzudat Yeshiva Lublin kept pushkes [charity
collection boxes] in every home!"
Out-of-town students of the yeshiva ktana
used to esn teg (" eat days" [have meals at various
Jewish homes in the shtetl]. One rabbi of the
yeshiva was Reb Zalman, who married the daughter
of Chayim Fisher, Rivke Tzimmerboym. The
yeshiva ktana existed until the Holocaust.
We must mention here that the religious
institutions of the shtetl, besides receiving regular
support from outside Jewish organizations,
also received help from the Jewish-American
Ezrat-Torah, which supported many religious
organizations in Eastern Europe in the postwar
period.
During the first few years after the war, funds
were sent to the dayan [judge] R. Yehuda Leyb
(Leybl) Melamed for distribution."
Political Parties
During the time of the independent Polish
state (1918-39), political parties were a most
dynamic force within Jewish social life in
Luboml. There were many Jewish parties, but
the majority of themthe most active and the
most influentialwere those which belonged
to the Zionist movements or that were concentrating
their efforts on preparing to rebuild
Eretz Yisroel [the Land of Israel].
Of all these Zionist parties, the most lively and
most active were the Zionist youth organizations:
HaShomer HaTsair, HeChalutz, and Beitar.
The first such party created in Libivne was
Poale Tsion, with Hershl Chasid at its head.
The first Zionist youth organization in Libivne
was the HaShomer HaTsair. Its founders were
Yisroel Grimatlicht (Garmi), Berl (Bebi) Veyner,
Nathan Blumen, Zalman Fisher, Leibele Melamed,
Eliyohu Frechter, Shmuel Barg,Yitshak Shneider,
Moyshe Volvushes, Dobrovodke, and Yakov
Blumen.
In the beginning (1919-20), the majority of
the HaShomer HaTsair members were girls-60
of them. They were organized in kvutzot. The
leaders of the kvutzot were Nechome Veyner,