Evolution__3rd_Edition

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.. Brief Contents Full Contents vii Preface xxii PART 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1. The Rise of Evolutionary Biology 3 2. Molecular and Mendelian Genetics 21 3. The Evidence for Evolution 43 4. Natural Selection and Variation 71 PART 2. EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS 93 5. The Theory of Natural Selection 95 6. Random Events in Population Genetics 137 7. Natural Selection and Random Drift in Molecular Evolution 155 8. Two-locus and Multilocus Population Genetics 194 9. Quantitative Genetics 222 PART 3. ADAPTATION AND NATURAL SELECTION 253 10. Adaptive Explanation 255 11. The Units of Selection 292 12. Adaptations in Sexual Reproduction 313 PART 4. EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY 345 13. Species Concepts and Intraspecific Variation 347 14. Speciation 381 15. The Reconstruction of Phylogeny 423 16. Classification and Evolution 471 17. Evolutionary Biogeography 492
Page 2: .. EVOLUTION
Page 8: © 2004 by Blackwell Science Ltd a
Page 14: .. Full Contents Preface xxii PART
Page 18: .. Full Contents ix 5.7.3 A second
Page 22: .. Full Contents xi 8.9 Hitch-hikin
Page 26: .. Full Contents xiii 11.4 The two
Page 30: .. Full Contents xv 14.2 A newly ev
Page 34: .. Full Contents xvii 15.11.2 The n
Page 38: .. Full Contents xix 19.5 Symbiotic
Page 42: .. Full Contents xxi 23.3.2 The bes
Page 46: .. Preface xxiii The great (or at a
Page 50: .. Preface xxv • two new chapters
Page 58: .. 1 The Rise of Evolutionary Biolo
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.. Generation 3 Generation 2 Genera
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.. Evolutionary thinkers existed be
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.. Darwin developed evolutionary vi
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.. Figure 1.5 Darwin’s British su
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.. . . . leading to the development
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.. Figure 1.8 (a) Ronald Aylmer Fis
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.. Figure 1.10 (a) Julian Huxley (1
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.. Summary 1 Evolution means descen
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.. 2 Molecular and Mendelian Geneti
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.. (a) Structure of single strand (
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.. Information encoded in the DNA .
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.. Figure 2.3 The transfer of infor
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.. r Either Or r r' r' r r r' . . .
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.. Mutation rates are problematic t
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.. Humans, and many other creatures
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.. (a) (b) (c) CHAPTER 2 / Molecula
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.. For linked genes, inheritance de
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.. Mendelian heredity conserves gen
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.. Summary 1 Heredity is determined
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.. 3 The Evidence for Evolution H o
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.. HIV illustrates evolution, on a
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.. Artificial selection produces ev
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.. Kingdom Phylum Subphylum Animali
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.. The salamanders are an example o
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.. New species have been produced a
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.. And many facts fit in with these
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.. The genetic code is a universal
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.. The genetic code is an example o
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.. Homology underlies biogeographic
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.. . . . which suggests the species
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.. Figure 3.12 (a) Anatomic analysi
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.. Any theory of life has to explai
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.. Summary 1 A number of lines of e
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E. e. oregonensis Ensatina eschscho
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Plate 4 (a) Geospiza magnirostris o
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(a) (b) Plate 7 Prezygotic isolatio
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Plate 9 Hybrid speciation in irises
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.. 4 Natural Selection and Variatio
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.. CHAPTER 4 / Natural Selection an
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.. HIV illustrates the logical argu
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.. Frequency Fitness (number of off
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.. Box 4.1 Evolving fisheries When
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.. The extent of variation, particu
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.. . . . biochemical, such as in en
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.. Cumulative percent of fruits 100
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.. Long-term evolutionary change re
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.. Adaptively directed mutation is
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.. Study and review questions 1 Use
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94 PART 2 / Evolutionary Genetics i
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96 PART 2 / Evolutionary Genetics W
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98 PART 2 / Evolutionary Genetics P
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100 PART 2 / Evolutionary Genetics
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Box 7.2 The Relative Rate Test The
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8 Two-locus and Multilocus Populati
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9 Quantitative Genetics T he Mendel
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254 PART 3 / Adaptation and Natural
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11The Units of Selection A daptatio
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Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequ
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.. Evolution and Diversity Darwin c
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.. Concepts and Intraspecific Varia
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.. CHAPTER 13 / Species Concepts an
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.. Time Vertical species concept Sp
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.. Species may be defined ecologica
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.. . . . and there are other, moder
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.. . . . that has been shown by rec
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.. We have good evidence of geograp
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.. Geographic variation in mice chr
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.. In a stepped cline, the gradient
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.. Box 13.2 Human Variation and Hum
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.. Figure 13.7 Character displaceme
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.. Polytypic species have diverse p
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.. (a) (b) (c) Gave de Pau Gave d
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.. Ecological factors can influence
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.. Biological species are real, not
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.. Biologists disagree about how re
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.. CHAPTER 13 / Species Concepts an
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.. 14Speciation S peciation means t
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.. (a) Space (b) (c) Time Geographi
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.. Figure 14.2 Prezygotic isolation
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.. Figure 14.3 Song form may be ple
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.. Could postzygotic isolation evol
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.. Hybrid fitness is influenced by
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.. Diploid genotype Gene duplicatio
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.. . . . in exceptional conditions
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.. Fitness of hybrid offspring Fitn
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.. Speciation often occurs as a byp
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.. The theory of reinforcement has
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.. Less interbreeding between speci
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.. . . . but also open to alternati
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.. Figure 14.11 Hybrid speciation b
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.. Reinforcement works in sympatry
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.. Most hybrid zones are due to sec
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.. Phylogenetic tests for sympatric
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.. This is a “hot topic” The Od
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.. Biologists are interested in the
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.. Summary 1 The evolution of a new
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.. CHAPTER 14 / Speciation 421 On r
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.. Reconstruction of Phylogeny 15Th
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.. Shared characters are used to in
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.. Figure 15.2 Character conflict i
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.. Figure 15.4 Convergence in marsu
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.. We distinguish ancestral from de
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.. Figure 15.7 Shared characters di
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.. Parsimony underlies outgroup com
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.. Protein and DNA sequences have b
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.. Molecular phylogenetics uses sta
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.. Figure 15.11 Distance methods. (
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.. Percentage difference in DNA of
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.. When two species are very differ
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.. Figure 15.15 The same character
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.. Variable evolutionary rates upse
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.. Ribosomal RNA genes are widely u
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.. The number of possible trees can
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.. . . . as happened in one study o
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.. Evolutionary time Species 1 Orth
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.. The root of a tree ... . . . can
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.. Figure 15.24 The rooted angiospe
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.. The fossil characters were reint
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.. Figure 15.27 Phylogeny of 103 sp
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.. Summary 1 Phylogenies show the a
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.. Study and review questions 1 Her
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.. 16Classification and Evolution B
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.. Phenetic classification is nonev
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.. CHAPTER 16 / Classification and
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.. (a) Phenetic measurements for fi
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.. Distance can be measured in more
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.. Cladism admits only monophyletic
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.. Phylogenetic classification face
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.. Evolutionary classification admi
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.. Classification 1 Classification
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.. Other factors are probably at wo
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.. Study and review questions 1 Mat
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.. Figure 17.1 The natural distribu
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.. Figure 17.2 (a) The six main fau
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.. Dispersal is enabled by various
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.. Many species show similar geneti
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.. Figure 17.4 (b) The three major
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.. Fruitflies and lizards show a co
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.. Plate tectonics causes vicarianc
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.. Time Biogeographic distribution
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.. Figure 17.11 Testing vicariance
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.. (b) Five other vertebrate groups
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.. . . . and South American mammals
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.. CHAPTER 17 / Evolutionary Biogeo
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.. The Great American Interchange i
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.. CHAPTER 17 / Evolutionary Biogeo
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.. Macroevolution Part five Part 5
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.. 18The History of Life T his chap
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.. Geological maps show the locatio
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.. CHAPTER 18 / The History of Life
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.. Time (Myr BP) 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.
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.. Figure 18.3 Around 2-3 billion y
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.. . . . partly by symbiosis Atmosp
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536 PART 5 / Macroevolution Protost
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538 PART 5 / Macroevolution Plants
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540 PART 5 / Macroevolution Some ma
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542 PART 5 / Macroevolution The amn
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544 PART 5 / Macroevolution Figure
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546 PART 5 / Macroevolution Changes
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548 PART 5 / Macroevolution Myr ago
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550 PART 5 / Macroevolution Genetic
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554 PART 5 / Macroevolution Further
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19Evolutionary Genomics T he comple
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558 PART 5 / Macroevolution Some hu
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560 PART 5 / Macroevolution Molecul
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562 PART 5 / Macroevolution Superfl
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564 PART 5 / Macroevolution (a) Gen
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568 PART 5 / Macroevolution Transpo
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570 PART 5 / Macroevolution Summary
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Developmental Biology 20Evolutionar
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580 PART 5 / Macroevolution The Hox
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582 PART 5 / Macroevolution The num
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584 PART 5 / Macroevolution Mouse C
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586 PART 5 / Macroevolution A gene
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21Rates of Evolution E volutionary
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592 PART 5 / Macroevolution Time (M
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594 PART 5 / Macroevolution Table 2
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596 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . a
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598 PART 5 / Macroevolution (a) 5 B
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602 PART 5 / Macroevolution Apparen
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606 PART 5 / Macroevolution Discret
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612 PART 5 / Macroevolution Further
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616 PART 5 / Macroevolution Full ev
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620 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . o
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622 PART 5 / Macroevolution One stu
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624 PART 5 / Macroevolution Box 22.
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626 PART 5 / Macroevolution Table 2
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628 PART 5 / Macroevolution Nematod
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630 PART 5 / Macroevolution The cop
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634 PART 5 / Macroevolution Carnivo
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638 PART 5 / Macroevolution Number
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640 PART 5 / Macroevolution Coevolu
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642 PART 5 / Macroevolution Study a
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644 PART 5 / Macroevolution Adaptiv
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646 PART 5 / Macroevolution Extinct
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648 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . b
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Tertiary Lower Danian Cretaceous Up
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652 PART 5 / Macroevolution The ast
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654 PART 5 / Macroevolution 10 6 ye
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656 PART 5 / Macroevolution Extinct
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658 PART 5 / Macroevolution Darwin
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660 PART 5 / Macroevolution (a) Ext
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664 PART 5 / Macroevolution Hansen
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666 PART 5 / Macroevolution Taxa wi
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668 PART 5 / Macroevolution Fossil
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670 PART 5 / Macroevolution One gro
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672 PART 5 / Macroevolution Molecul
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674 PART 5 / Macroevolution Changes
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676 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . o
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680 PART 5 / Macroevolution (2002),
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Glossary Words in italics cross-ref
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684 Glossary individuals, such as p
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686 Glossary isolating mechanism An
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688 Glossary random drift Synonym o
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Answers to Study and Review Questio
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692 Answers to Study and Review Que
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700 References Arnold, M.L. (1997).
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702 References Briggs, D.E.G. & Cro
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704 References Clarke, C.A., Sheppa
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706 References Dietl, G.P., Alexand
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708 References Flynn, J.J. & Wyss,
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710 References Grant, P.R. & Grant,
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712 References Hey, J. (2001). Gene
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714 References Jeffreys, A.J., Royl
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716 References Kruuk, L.E.B., Meril
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718 References MacFadden, B.J. (199
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720 References Milinkovitch, M.C.,
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722 References Orr, H.A. (1998). Th
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724 References Rice, W.R. (2002). E
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726 References Sequeira, A.S., Lant
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728 References Surlyk, F. & Johanse
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730 References Vrba, E.S. (1993). T
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732 References Wright, S. (1977). E
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734 Index angiosperms (cont.): inse
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736 Index coloration (cont.): prezy
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738 Index evolution (cont.): long-t
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740 Index genetics (cont.): charact
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742 Index immunoglobulins 24 immuno
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744 Index molecular distance 440-2
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746 Index parasites (cont.): genome
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748 Index reproductive development
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750 Index synonymous changes (cont.
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