Evolution__3rd_Edition

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Figure 2.11 Two populations with 10 individuals each (real populations would have many more members), one with blending heredity and the other with Mendelian heredity. (a) Under blending heredity, a rare new advantageous gene is soon blended away. (b) Under Mendelian heredity, a rare new favorable gene can increase in frequency and eventually become established in the population. See text for explanation. aa aa aa (a) Blending heredity (b) Mendelian heredity aa aa aa aa aa A'"a n n A A A'a aa aa Aa A' aa aa A'"a aa aa aa A"a A'"a n n A A n n A A aa A'a aa a A'a A"a aa aa aa aa aa aa A"a aa aa aa aa aa aa A'"a aa aa aa aa aa aa aa AA AA aa aa Aa aa Aa aa aa Aa aa A a a Aa aa aa aa aa Aa Aa Aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa Aa Many generations Many generations n n A A n n A nAn A A n n A A n n A A n n A A n n A A aa aa AA AA AA AA AA AA aa aa Aa aa AA AA aa Aa AA aa ..
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.. EVOLUTION
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© 2004 by Blackwell Science Ltd a
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vi Brief Contents PART 5. MACROEVOL
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viii Full Contents 3.5 Ring “spec
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x Full Contents 7.2 Rates of molecu
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xii Full Contents 10.5 Genetics of
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xiv Full Contents PART 4. EVOLUTION
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xvi Full Contents 14.12 Identificat
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xviii Full Contents 17.7 Geographic
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xx Full Contents 21.4.3 Ordovician
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Preface The theory of evolution is
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xxiv Preface evolve resistance to d
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.. Introduction Part one When Darwi
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4 PART 1 / Introduction Evolution i
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6 PART 1 / Introduction Examples ex
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8 PART 1 / Introduction Time (a) (b
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10 PART 1 / Introduction . . . look
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12 PART 1 / Introduction Time (a) (
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Page 88: 18 PART 1 / Introduction . . . and
Page 92: 20 PART 1 / Introduction Further re
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Page 100: 24 PART 1 / Introduction Most genes
Page 104: 26 PART 1 / Introduction Table 2.1
Page 108: 28 PART 1 / Introduction Original D
Page 112: 30 PART 1 / Introduction (a) Transp
Page 116: 32 PART 1 / Introduction . . . per
Page 120: 34 PART 1 / Introduction Dominance
Page 134: .. Summary 1 Heredity is determined
Page 138: .. 3 The Evidence for Evolution H o
Page 142: .. HIV illustrates evolution, on a
Page 146: .. Artificial selection produces ev
Page 150: .. Kingdom Phylum Subphylum Animali
Page 154: .. The salamanders are an example o
Page 158: .. New species have been produced a
Page 162: .. And many facts fit in with these
Page 166: .. The genetic code is a universal
Page 170: .. The genetic code is an example o
Page 174: .. Homology underlies biogeographic
Page 178: .. . . . which suggests the species
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.. Figure 3.12 (a) Anatomic analysi
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.. Any theory of life has to explai
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.. Summary 1 A number of lines of e
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E. e. oregonensis Ensatina eschscho
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Plate 4 (a) Geospiza magnirostris o
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(a) (b) Plate 7 Prezygotic isolatio
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Plate 9 Hybrid speciation in irises
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.. 4 Natural Selection and Variatio
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.. CHAPTER 4 / Natural Selection an
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.. HIV illustrates the logical argu
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.. Frequency Fitness (number of off
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.. Box 4.1 Evolving fisheries When
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.. The extent of variation, particu
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.. . . . biochemical, such as in en
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.. Cumulative percent of fruits 100
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.. Long-term evolutionary change re
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.. Adaptively directed mutation is
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.. Study and review questions 1 Use
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94 PART 2 / Evolutionary Genetics i
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96 PART 2 / Evolutionary Genetics W
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98 PART 2 / Evolutionary Genetics P
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100 PART 2 / Evolutionary Genetics
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Box 7.2 The Relative Rate Test The
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8 Two-locus and Multilocus Populati
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9 Quantitative Genetics T he Mendel
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254 PART 3 / Adaptation and Natural
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11The Units of Selection A daptatio
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Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequ
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.. Evolution and Diversity Darwin c
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.. Concepts and Intraspecific Varia
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.. CHAPTER 13 / Species Concepts an
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.. Time Vertical species concept Sp
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.. Species may be defined ecologica
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.. . . . and there are other, moder
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.. . . . that has been shown by rec
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.. We have good evidence of geograp
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.. Geographic variation in mice chr
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.. In a stepped cline, the gradient
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.. Box 13.2 Human Variation and Hum
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.. Figure 13.7 Character displaceme
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.. Polytypic species have diverse p
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.. (a) (b) (c) Gave de Pau Gave d
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.. Ecological factors can influence
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.. Biological species are real, not
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.. Biologists disagree about how re
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.. CHAPTER 13 / Species Concepts an
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.. 14Speciation S peciation means t
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.. (a) Space (b) (c) Time Geographi
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.. Figure 14.2 Prezygotic isolation
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.. Figure 14.3 Song form may be ple
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.. Could postzygotic isolation evol
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.. Hybrid fitness is influenced by
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.. Diploid genotype Gene duplicatio
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.. . . . in exceptional conditions
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.. Fitness of hybrid offspring Fitn
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.. Speciation often occurs as a byp
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.. The theory of reinforcement has
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.. Less interbreeding between speci
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.. . . . but also open to alternati
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.. Figure 14.11 Hybrid speciation b
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.. Reinforcement works in sympatry
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.. Most hybrid zones are due to sec
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.. Phylogenetic tests for sympatric
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.. This is a “hot topic” The Od
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.. Biologists are interested in the
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.. Summary 1 The evolution of a new
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.. CHAPTER 14 / Speciation 421 On r
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.. Reconstruction of Phylogeny 15Th
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.. Shared characters are used to in
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.. Figure 15.2 Character conflict i
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.. Figure 15.4 Convergence in marsu
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.. We distinguish ancestral from de
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.. Figure 15.7 Shared characters di
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.. Parsimony underlies outgroup com
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.. Protein and DNA sequences have b
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.. Molecular phylogenetics uses sta
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.. Figure 15.11 Distance methods. (
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.. Percentage difference in DNA of
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.. When two species are very differ
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.. Figure 15.15 The same character
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.. Variable evolutionary rates upse
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.. Ribosomal RNA genes are widely u
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.. The number of possible trees can
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.. . . . as happened in one study o
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.. Evolutionary time Species 1 Orth
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.. The root of a tree ... . . . can
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.. Figure 15.24 The rooted angiospe
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.. The fossil characters were reint
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.. Figure 15.27 Phylogeny of 103 sp
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.. Summary 1 Phylogenies show the a
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.. Study and review questions 1 Her
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.. 16Classification and Evolution B
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.. Phenetic classification is nonev
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.. CHAPTER 16 / Classification and
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.. (a) Phenetic measurements for fi
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.. Distance can be measured in more
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.. Cladism admits only monophyletic
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.. Phylogenetic classification face
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.. Evolutionary classification admi
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.. Classification 1 Classification
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.. Other factors are probably at wo
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.. Study and review questions 1 Mat
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.. Figure 17.1 The natural distribu
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.. Figure 17.2 (a) The six main fau
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.. Dispersal is enabled by various
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.. Many species show similar geneti
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.. Figure 17.4 (b) The three major
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.. Fruitflies and lizards show a co
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.. Plate tectonics causes vicarianc
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.. Time Biogeographic distribution
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.. Figure 17.11 Testing vicariance
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.. (b) Five other vertebrate groups
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.. . . . and South American mammals
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.. CHAPTER 17 / Evolutionary Biogeo
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.. The Great American Interchange i
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.. CHAPTER 17 / Evolutionary Biogeo
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.. Macroevolution Part five Part 5
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.. 18The History of Life T his chap
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.. Geological maps show the locatio
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.. CHAPTER 18 / The History of Life
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.. Time (Myr BP) 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.
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.. Figure 18.3 Around 2-3 billion y
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.. . . . partly by symbiosis Atmosp
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536 PART 5 / Macroevolution Protost
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538 PART 5 / Macroevolution Plants
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540 PART 5 / Macroevolution Some ma
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542 PART 5 / Macroevolution The amn
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544 PART 5 / Macroevolution Figure
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546 PART 5 / Macroevolution Changes
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548 PART 5 / Macroevolution Myr ago
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550 PART 5 / Macroevolution Genetic
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554 PART 5 / Macroevolution Further
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19Evolutionary Genomics T he comple
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558 PART 5 / Macroevolution Some hu
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560 PART 5 / Macroevolution Molecul
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562 PART 5 / Macroevolution Superfl
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564 PART 5 / Macroevolution (a) Gen
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568 PART 5 / Macroevolution Transpo
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570 PART 5 / Macroevolution Summary
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Developmental Biology 20Evolutionar
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580 PART 5 / Macroevolution The Hox
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582 PART 5 / Macroevolution The num
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584 PART 5 / Macroevolution Mouse C
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586 PART 5 / Macroevolution A gene
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21Rates of Evolution E volutionary
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592 PART 5 / Macroevolution Time (M
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594 PART 5 / Macroevolution Table 2
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596 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . a
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598 PART 5 / Macroevolution (a) 5 B
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602 PART 5 / Macroevolution Apparen
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606 PART 5 / Macroevolution Discret
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612 PART 5 / Macroevolution Further
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616 PART 5 / Macroevolution Full ev
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620 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . o
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622 PART 5 / Macroevolution One stu
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624 PART 5 / Macroevolution Box 22.
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626 PART 5 / Macroevolution Table 2
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628 PART 5 / Macroevolution Nematod
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630 PART 5 / Macroevolution The cop
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634 PART 5 / Macroevolution Carnivo
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638 PART 5 / Macroevolution Number
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640 PART 5 / Macroevolution Coevolu
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642 PART 5 / Macroevolution Study a
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644 PART 5 / Macroevolution Adaptiv
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646 PART 5 / Macroevolution Extinct
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648 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . b
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Tertiary Lower Danian Cretaceous Up
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652 PART 5 / Macroevolution The ast
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654 PART 5 / Macroevolution 10 6 ye
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656 PART 5 / Macroevolution Extinct
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658 PART 5 / Macroevolution Darwin
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660 PART 5 / Macroevolution (a) Ext
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664 PART 5 / Macroevolution Hansen
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666 PART 5 / Macroevolution Taxa wi
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668 PART 5 / Macroevolution Fossil
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670 PART 5 / Macroevolution One gro
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672 PART 5 / Macroevolution Molecul
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674 PART 5 / Macroevolution Changes
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676 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . o
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680 PART 5 / Macroevolution (2002),
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Glossary Words in italics cross-ref
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684 Glossary individuals, such as p
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686 Glossary isolating mechanism An
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688 Glossary random drift Synonym o
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Answers to Study and Review Questio
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692 Answers to Study and Review Que
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700 References Arnold, M.L. (1997).
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702 References Briggs, D.E.G. & Cro
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704 References Clarke, C.A., Sheppa
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706 References Dietl, G.P., Alexand
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708 References Flynn, J.J. & Wyss,
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710 References Grant, P.R. & Grant,
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712 References Hey, J. (2001). Gene
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714 References Jeffreys, A.J., Royl
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716 References Kruuk, L.E.B., Meril
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718 References MacFadden, B.J. (199
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720 References Milinkovitch, M.C.,
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722 References Orr, H.A. (1998). Th
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724 References Rice, W.R. (2002). E
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726 References Sequeira, A.S., Lant
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728 References Surlyk, F. & Johanse
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730 References Vrba, E.S. (1993). T
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732 References Wright, S. (1977). E
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734 Index angiosperms (cont.): inse
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736 Index coloration (cont.): prezy
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738 Index evolution (cont.): long-t
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740 Index genetics (cont.): charact
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742 Index immunoglobulins 24 immuno
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744 Index molecular distance 440-2
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746 Index parasites (cont.): genome
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748 Index reproductive development
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750 Index synonymous changes (cont.
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