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Evolution__3rd_Edition

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380 PART 4 / <strong>Evolution</strong> and Diversity<br />

Study and review questions<br />

1 Review the main arguments for and against the<br />

phenetic, biological, and ecological species concepts.<br />

2 In a pair of “sibling species,” how many species are<br />

there in the: (i) phenetic, (ii) biological, and (iii) ecological<br />

species concepts?<br />

3 Review the kinds of prezygotic and postzygotic<br />

isolating barriers that exist.<br />

4 Calculate the statistic G ST , which describes the amount<br />

of geographic differentiation within a species, for species<br />

1–3 below.<br />

Species H T H S G ST<br />

1 0.5 0.5<br />

2 0.5 0.25<br />

3 0 0<br />

What biological factors might cause G ST to be lower in<br />

some species than in others?<br />

5 Do asexual organisms form species like sexual<br />

organisms, and what consequences does the answer<br />

have for our concept of species?<br />

6 Is population or typological thinking more appropriate<br />

in classifying the following entities? (The answer is not<br />

certain in all cases, and they are as much topics to think<br />

about and discuss, as to provide final answers about.)<br />

(i) Chemical elements (such as atoms of carbon,<br />

hydrogen, gold, etc.); (ii) human cultures; (iii) biological<br />

species; (iv) human emotions (such as fear, anger,<br />

etc.); (v) mechanisms of transport (such as cars,<br />

walking, airplanes, and so on); and (vi) scientific<br />

theories (such as evolution, gravity, quantum<br />

theory, etc.).<br />

7 How can we test between the ecological and genetic<br />

theories of postzygotic isolation?<br />

8 In the (i) phenetic, (ii) biological, and (iii) ecological<br />

species concepts, are (a) species, (b) subspecies/races,<br />

and (c) higher taxonomic categories, real or nominal<br />

entities in nature?<br />

..

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