Evolution__3rd_Edition

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CHAPTER 17 / Evolutionary Biogeography 519
changes. Hewitt (2000) reviews European refugia, and their modern genetic consequences.
For their non-effect on modern species pairs, see also Da Silva & Patton
(1998) and Klicka & Zink (1999), and Moritz et al.’s (2000) review. The idea that ice age
refugia produced modern species diversity was classically suggested by Haffer (1969)
for Amazonian birds, but skepticism prevails because of the time to common ancestors
of modern species pairs (see above) and the pollen evidence suggesting the Amazonian
forests did not form refugia. See Willis & Whitaker (2000) and Smith et al. (1997), who
also draw conservation morals.
Losos (2001) describes the radiation of Caribbean lizards. Schluter (2000) contains
more on ecologically powered local adaptive radiations. Losos & Schluter (2000) look
at the additional topic of species–area relations on islands, and how ecological and
evolutionary causes of the relationship combine. For the Darwinian argument, in
which the relations between species within and between areas suggests evolution, see
Darwin (1859) and Jones’ (1999) update. Davis & Richardson (1995) contains more on
Mediterranean ecosystems. Eldredge (1998) analyzes Darwin’s argument and gives
further evidence.
Molecular clocks are now increasingly used to study historic biogeography. For
example, see Richardson et al. (2001) on the origin (in the past 8 million years or so) of
one Mediterranean flora a the South African Cape a and Pellmyr et al. (1998) on the
timing of species introductions into North America.
On vicariance biogeography see Brundin (1988), Wiley (1988), Humphries &
Parenti (1999), and general texts. Sereno (1999) discusses the special case of dinosaurs.
For Croizat’s biogeography, see Croizat et al. (1974). On Hawaii generally, see Wagner
& Funk (1995) and the special issue of Trends in Ecology and Evolution (1987), vol. 2,
pp. 175–228.
Vermeij (1991) is a general study of biotic interchanges, as is an issue of Paleobiology
(1991), vol. 17, pp. 201–324, which contains a paper by Webb on the Great American
Interchange. Stehli & Webb (1985) is a book about the Great American Interchange;
Jackson et al. (1996) contains more recent material. Simpson (1980) describes the
South American mammals, and see also the chapters in Goldblatt (1993) for South
American biogeography generally. On brain size difference, see Jerison (1973) and
a popular essay by Gould (1977b, chapter 23). Part of another of Gould’s (1983,
chapter 27) popular essays is about the Interchange.