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Evolution__3rd_Edition

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..<br />

multiple niche 128, 248<br />

natural selection 156<br />

neutral mutation 150–1<br />

random drift 156, 163<br />

polyphyletic groups 480, 481–3, 687<br />

polyploidy 31, 53, 405, 687<br />

Pomacanthus (fish) 577, 578<br />

population(s) 687<br />

bottleneck 140, 141<br />

character deviation from mean 228–9<br />

effective size 151–3<br />

exploited 79<br />

extinction 162<br />

fitness 216–17<br />

fluctuations 152<br />

founder 141<br />

isolated 141<br />

large 98, 102<br />

natural selection 173<br />

lineage 4, 5<br />

migration effects 130–1<br />

mortality 72, 73<br />

natural and genetic variation 246–9<br />

sizes 98n, 151–3, 174, 185, 218<br />

genetic drift influence 148<br />

limitation 163<br />

small 98n, 139–40<br />

drift to homozygosity 146<br />

inbreeding 147<br />

subdivided 129–33<br />

variation 81–4<br />

see also subpopulations<br />

population genetics 96–8<br />

bacteria 372<br />

evolutionary change mechanisms 593–4<br />

model 97–8<br />

theory of 18<br />

theory of diversity 149<br />

two-locus 199, 202–3, 206–10<br />

“population thinking” 363–5<br />

porphyria variegata 142<br />

post-Darwinism 11<br />

postzygotic isolation 355–6, 386, 687<br />

Dobzhansky–Muller theory 388–99, 391–2,<br />

394–5, 408–9<br />

ecological causes 395–6<br />

genetic changes 389–90<br />

genetic theory 389–91<br />

Haldane’s rule 396–9<br />

hybrids 400<br />

Potamopyrgus antipodarum (freshwater snail)<br />

127–8, 326, 327<br />

Poulton, Edward Bagnall 13<br />

power laws 655–7<br />

preadaptation 264–5<br />

Precambrian era 529–33, 534, 535<br />

predator–prey adaptations 635<br />

predators 537<br />

brain size 633–4<br />

prey, brain size 633–4<br />

prezygotic isolation 355–9, 384, 385, 386, 409,<br />

687<br />

evolution 386–7<br />

hitch-hiking 404<br />

hybrid zones 411<br />

natural selection 402<br />

pleiotropy 404, 414–15<br />

sympatry 403<br />

primates 545–6<br />

lentivirus cophylogeny 631–2<br />

sexual dimorphism 546–7<br />

social behavior 546–7<br />

see also apes, great; gorillas; humans; Pan<br />

troglodytes (chimpanzee)<br />

Primula kewensis (primrose) 53, 405–6<br />

Princeton symposium (1947) 18<br />

Principles of Geology (Lyell) 8<br />

Probainognathus 544, 545<br />

progenesis 575, 576<br />

prokaryotes 22, 532, 687<br />

terrestrial 538<br />

protamine gene 181<br />

protein sequences 61–3<br />

phylogenetic inference 437, 438–9<br />

proteins 687<br />

evolution rate 160, 175–6<br />

functions 61<br />

polymorphism 24<br />

signaling 579, 580<br />

structure and natural selection 180–1<br />

trees 61–2<br />

variation 83–4<br />

Protostoma 536, 580<br />

Prototheria 545<br />

protozoans 22<br />

pseudoextinctions 637, 646, 647<br />

pseudogenes 176, 177, 178, 687<br />

Pteridophyta 538<br />

fossil 539<br />

punctuated equilibrium theory 599–602<br />

biometrical evidence 602<br />

Caribbean byrozoans 603–4<br />

evidence for 602–6<br />

stratigraphic record 602<br />

Pundamilia (African cichlid fish) 357–9, 503n,<br />

Plate 7<br />

adaptive radiation 644<br />

pupfish, desert 500<br />

Pyrenestes ostrinus (African finch) 80–1,<br />

Plate 2<br />

quantum growth 276–7<br />

Quaternary geological age 497<br />

Index 747<br />

2R hypothesis 560, 561<br />

rabbit 625, 626<br />

races 375–6<br />

radiation see adaptive radiation<br />

radioactive decay 526, 527–8<br />

radioisotope technique 527, 528<br />

rafts, natural 497<br />

Ramapithecus (fossil apes) 460–3<br />

Ramphastos (toucan) 493<br />

random drift see genetic drift<br />

random sampling 139<br />

small populations 140<br />

range splitting 505, 507, 511<br />

rats, dental caries 47, 48<br />

Raup, D.M. 277–9, 577<br />

realism 375<br />

recapitulation, theory of 12, 573–7, 578, 688<br />

recognition species concept of Paterson 352,<br />

688<br />

recolonization rate 497<br />

recombinant DNA technology 57<br />

recombination 36, 37, 201, 202, 204, 688<br />

breaking of genome 307–8<br />

genes 401–2<br />

hybrids 393<br />

intragenic 308<br />

variation 87–8<br />

recurrent laryngeal nerve 60–1, 281–2<br />

red blood cells, sickling 125<br />

Red Queen hypothesis 648<br />

equilibrium 639<br />

mode 637, 638–9<br />

refugia 499, 500, 501, 688<br />

regression (statistical) 233<br />

reinforcement 409, 410, 412, 688<br />

theory of 399–405<br />

relatedness 298–9, 300–1<br />

relative rate test 166, 169<br />

relatives, correlation 234–5<br />

replacement patterns 669–70<br />

replicating molecules 531–2<br />

ancestral 530<br />

selfish 532<br />

replicators 311<br />

reproduction 81<br />

cod 72<br />

early developmental stage 575<br />

lifetime success 299<br />

natural selection 74<br />

sexual 209<br />

see also asexual reproduction; sexual<br />

reproduction

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