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Evolution__3rd_Edition

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..<br />

Figure 17.4<br />

(b) The three major clades<br />

originated by migration from<br />

ice age refugia in Spain, Italy,<br />

and the Balkans (the relation<br />

of the fourth, German, clade to<br />

these three is uncertain). The<br />

arrows indicate postglacial<br />

migration. (c) Many species<br />

have migrated from similar<br />

glacial refugia, and form hybrid<br />

zones where the different clades<br />

meet in rather similar areas of<br />

Europe. Areas where several<br />

species form hybrid zones, such<br />

as in central Europe, are called<br />

suture zones. Slightly modified,<br />

by permission of the publisher,<br />

from Hewitt (1999).<br />

(b)<br />

(c)<br />

Spain<br />

CHAPTER 17 / <strong>Evolution</strong>ary Biogeography 501<br />

Italy<br />

Balkans

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