Evolution__3rd_Edition

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744 Index molecular distance 440–2 Cambrian explosion 535 multiple hits 442–3, 444, 445 phylogenetic inference 449 saturation 445 molecular evolution random drift 162, 175, 189 rates 159–61, 162–3, 164–5, 166, 167 constancy 170 relative rate test 166 theories 156–9 see also nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution; neutral theory of molecular evolution molecular genetic markers 352 molecular phylogeny, Anolis 502 molecular sequences human phylogenetic relations 460–3 phylogenetic inference 437–9 molecular distance technique 440–2 statistical techniques 439–49 rate of evolution 449–51 molecular variation 161, 162–3 mollusks 430, 473, 474 bivalves 609, 610 mass extinction 650 direct development 658, 660–2, 663, 664 extinction rate 666–7 escalation 634–6 evolutionary rate 609 fossil larval shell morphological regions 661 planktonic development 658, 660–2, 663, 664 extinction rate 666–7 shell defence adaptations 635–6 survivorship curve 610 molting in arthropods 276–7 monkeys, colobine 186–7 monocotyledons 560 monogamy 336, 337 monophyletic groups 480, 481–3, 686 morphological characters 425–6, 427 rate of evolution 165 see also birds, wings; tetrapods, pentadactyl limb morphological evolution, developmental basis see development morphology 686 evolutionary changes 583–5 prediction of organ features 270–1 morphospace 277, 278 selection measurement 279 morphs 195, 196, 197 mortality, background/selective 163 mosquitoes 115–18, 628n moss 538 mouse eye development 580–1 house see Mus musculus (house mouse) vertebrae 583–4, 585–6 mouth functions 284 multicellular life 533, 534, 535 multiple hits 442–3, 444, 445 Mus musculus (house mouse) 360–1, Plate 8 chromosomal forms 364 mutagens, environmental 168 mutation(s) 27–31, 686 adaptation 268 advantageous 171–2 amber 57, 58 break-points 30 chromosomal fusion 360–1, Plate 8 chromosomes 29–31 constraint by embryology 281 deleterious 335 fitness of organisms 323 designed 257–8 developmental asymmetry 276 directed 13, 88–9, 257–8 disadvantageous 173 changes 157 equilibrium gene frequency 122 fixation 144 frameshift 28, 29 homeotic 685 hunting skills 307 large 268 loss 172 meiosis 168 mitosis 168 nearly neutral 172 neutral 144, 157, 159, 686 polymorphisms 150–1 neutral theory of molecular evolution 168 non-random 89 non-synonymous 176, 177 orthogenetic 258 point 28 pressure 187–9 random drift 172 rate 31–3, 322–3 asexual reproduction 317–18 per gene per generation 32 per genome 32 per nucleotide per cell cycle 32 per nucleotide per copying event 322 per year 32 pseudogenes 176, 177 sexual reproduction 316–18 reduction of deleterious in sexual reproduction 320–3 selection coefficients 159 selectively advantageous 157 silent 28 small 268 stop 28, 29 synonymous sites 173–4, 176, 177 triplet codes 57–8 undirected 89 unfavorable 121–3 variation 87–8 mutation–accumulation experiment 321 mutation–selection balance 110 mutational theory of sex 320–1, 323 mutualism 614–15 myxoma virus 625, 626, 628n myxomatosis 625, 626 natural selection 1, 4, 6, 13, 105, 686, 688 adaptation 67, 75–6, 256–63 benefits 294–306 adaptive topography 215 background 212 bird wing evolution 165 body size 76–7, 78, 79, 80 canalizing 276, 600n cell line 305–6 between 296 favoring 295–6 conflicting actions on males and females 335–6 convergence 430 cost 162 differential 237, 238, 240, 241–2 natural selection measurement 248 directional 76, 77, 78, 237, 238, 241 definition 683 disruptive 77, 80–1 evolution 75–6 eye 262 frequency dependent 127–9, 163, 684 gene flow 369–70, 371, 372–3 genetic difference maintenance 132–3 genetic locus 104–8 geographic variation 361–2 group 301–4, 305, 685 asexual reproduction 319, 320 sexual reproduction 318–20 hard 163 Hardy–Weinberg frequency deviations 126 hybrids 408 individual 302 insecticide resistance 115–18 intelligence in predators and prey 634 ..
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.. EVOLUTION
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© 2004 by Blackwell Science Ltd a
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vi Brief Contents PART 5. MACROEVOL
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viii Full Contents 3.5 Ring “spec
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x Full Contents 7.2 Rates of molecu
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xii Full Contents 10.5 Genetics of
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xiv Full Contents PART 4. EVOLUTION
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xvi Full Contents 14.12 Identificat
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xviii Full Contents 17.7 Geographic
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xx Full Contents 21.4.3 Ordovician
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Preface The theory of evolution is
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xxiv Preface evolve resistance to d
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.. Introduction Part one When Darwi
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4 PART 1 / Introduction Evolution i
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6 PART 1 / Introduction Examples ex
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8 PART 1 / Introduction Time (a) (b
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10 PART 1 / Introduction . . . look
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12 PART 1 / Introduction Time (a) (
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14 PART 1 / Introduction Figure 1.7
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18 PART 1 / Introduction . . . and
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20 PART 1 / Introduction Further re
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22 PART 1 / Introduction DNA is car
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24 PART 1 / Introduction Most genes
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26 PART 1 / Introduction Table 2.1
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28 PART 1 / Introduction Original D
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30 PART 1 / Introduction (a) Transp
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32 PART 1 / Introduction . . . per
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34 PART 1 / Introduction Dominance
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Figure 2.11 Two populations with 10
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42 PART 1 / Introduction Study and
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44 PART 1 / Introduction Life could
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48 PART 1 / Introduction Tooth qual
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50 PART 1 / Introduction Artificial
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52 PART 1 / Introduction Ring speci
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54 PART 1 / Introduction Human obse
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58 PART 1 / Introduction 5' pG Anti
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62 PART 1 / Introduction (a) α-hem
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64 PART 1 / Introduction Age (Myr a
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66 PART 1 / Introduction The groups
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68 PART 1 / Introduction The scient
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70 PART 1 / Introduction Study and
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Plate 3 Here in the lower row are s
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Plate 6 Scrub jays (Aphelocoma coer
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Plate 8 Chromosomal races of the ho
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Plate 10 Geological map of North Am
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72 PART 1 / Introduction Cod produc
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74 PART 1 / Introduction The strugg
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76 PART 1 / Introduction Many chara
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82 PART 1 / Introduction Chromosome
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86 PART 1 / Introduction The condit
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90 PART 1 / Introduction Summary 1
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.. Evolutionary Genetics Part two T
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.. 5 The Theory of Natural Selectio
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.. Figure 5.1 The general model of
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.. . . . and use Mendel’s rules t
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.. A simpler proof of the Hardy- We
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.. The MN human blood group system
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.. CHAPTER 5 / The Theory of Natura
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.. We need to know more to understa
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.. Figure 5.4 Peppered moths natura
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.. Mark-recapture experiments sugge
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.. Manchester The fitness estimates
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.. Pests, such as mosquitoes, evolv
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.. Figure 5.8 The mortality of mosq
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.. Box 5.2 Resistance Management Th
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.. Other factors will be at work in
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.. . . . which can sometimes be use
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.. Figure 5.9 The global incidence
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.. In host-parasite relations, the
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.. Populations may be subdivided CH
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.. We construct a model of gene fre
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.. We construct a model of selectio
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.. Further reading CHAPTER 5 / The
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.. 6 Random Events in Population Ge
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.. Box 6.1 Random Sampling in Genet
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.. Probability of polymorphism 1.0
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.. Evolution can occur by random dr
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.. Random drift has consequences fo
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.. Generation 1 Generation2 Adults
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.. CHAPTER 6 / Random Events in Pop
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.. Heterozygosity ( H ) 1.0 0.9 0.8
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.. Summary 1 In a small population,
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.. 7 Natural Selection and Random D
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.. Two extreme views b selectionist
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.. The original neutral theory has
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.. . . . and levels of polymorphism
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.. homozygotes by normal Mendelian
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.. Amino acid differences 1.0 0.9 0
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.. Globin evolution in “living fo
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.. Long-generation species, e.g., w
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.. Observed heterozygosity 1.0 0.8
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.. The nearly neutral theory can ex
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.. Insulin illustrates the effect o
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.. CHAPTER 7 / Natural Selection an
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.. Biologists came to accept, throu
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.. Elevated dN/dS ratios are observ
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.. Box 7.4 Model Organisms for Biom
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.. But the test has proved illumina
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.. Evidence shows that synonymous c
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.. The genomic era is allowing new
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.. Summary 1 The neutral theory of
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.. Study and review questions 1 Dra
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.. The tiger swallowtail butterfly
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.. Mimicry requires the correct com
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.. A haplotype is a haploid combina
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.. Linkage disequilibrium ( D) r =
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.. The more complex multilocus mode
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.. Expected frequency ( piqi ) (a)
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.. A model of haplotype frequency c
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.. Evidence for linkage disequilibr
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.. (proportion of polymorphic sites
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.. CHAPTER 8 / Two-locus and Multil
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.. Adaptive topographies can be use
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.. Mean population fitness ( w ) -
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.. p' 0 1 0 Frequency of A allele S
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.. Study and review questions 1 Her
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.. Beak size influences feeding eff
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.. Population size Seed √depth ×
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.. Continuous characters are influe
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.. Genetic and environmental influe
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.. Several non-additive genetic fac
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.. Box 9.1 Some Statistical Terms U
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.. Parent-offspring similarity depe
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.. Frequency Frequency Generation 1
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.. New variation can be introduced
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.. (a) 1976-1977 (b) 1981-1982 (c)
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.. Figure 9.11 (a) The main veins i
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.. Certain non-linear relations can
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.. Behavior Physiology Life history
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.. Some heritable characters do not
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.. Further reading CHAPTER 9 / Quan
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.. Adaptation and Natural Selection
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.. 10Adaptive Explanation T his cha
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.. . . . factually, ... . . . or th
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.. Not all evolution is adaptive CH
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.. Figure 10.2 Stages in the evolut
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.. Some critics suggest that the in
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.. Box 10.1 Molecular Cooption The
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.. Fitness (a) (b) Small mutation L
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.. Figure 10.5 A cross between the
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.. . . . by experiment, ... . . . a
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.. Figure 10.6 The fruits of (a) Cr
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.. Heterozygous advantage may lead
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.. Figure 10.7 Developmental asymme
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.. . . . that can be tested between
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.. Fitness (a) Time 1 (b) Time 2 (c
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.. Fitness Fitness (a) Time 1 (c) T
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.. Imperfect adaptations may or may
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.. The “design” of an eye for s
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.. hypothesis of adaptation or cons
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.. Study and review questions 1 Wha
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.. An adaptation may benefit one le
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.. The sd gene gains an advantage f
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.. CHAPTER 11 / The Units of Select
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.. We define Hamilton’s rule Hami
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.. Kin selection is at work in this
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.. Selfish The theories of group se
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.. Box 11.1 Group Selection for Egg
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.. The unit of selection, in a seco
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.. * * The word “gene” is being
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.. Summary 1 Adaptations evolve by
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.. in Sexual Reproduction 12Adaptat
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.. Figure 12.2 Non-reproductive sex
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.. Figure 12.3 Evolution in (a) ase
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.. Asexual reproduction has a spind
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.. . . . as illustrated by a motor
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.. Log fitness of organisms Number
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.. Figure 12.7 Frequency changes of
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.. Genetic cycles in snails are con
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.. Darwin provided comparative evid
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.. . . . which may explain extreme
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.. Theory requires open-ended choic
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.. But selection may have removed h
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.. Courtship bouts Net reproductive
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.. Theory predicts deviations from
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.. CHAPTER 12 / Adaptations in Sexu
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.. Study and review questions 1 Wha
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346 PART 4 / Evolution and Diversit
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17Evolutionary Biogeography B iogeo
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522 PART 5 / Macroevolution looked
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524 PART 5 / Macroevolution Fossili
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526 PART 5 / Macroevolution Era Per
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528 PART 5 / Macroevolution N = N 0
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530 PART 5 / Macroevolution Early l
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532 PART 5 / Macroevolution Cells h
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.. Multicellular life originated ov
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.. Present ~540 Myr ~1,200 Myr Echi
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.. Figure 18.8 The rise of the angi
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.. Figure 18.9 The origin of tetrap
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.. Probainognathus Thrinaxodon Proc
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.. . . . and cynodonts but their te
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.. . . . and sexual dimorphism all
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.. Homo sapiens c. 100,000 years ag
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.. Macroevolution may be due to ext
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.. Summary 1 Fossils are formed whe
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.. Study and review questions 1 Rev
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.. Evolutionary genomics aims to an
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.. Figure 19.1 The history of the h
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.. (a) A (b) 2 1 B C Vertebrate 1 2
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.. Following symbiosis ... . . . ge
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.. X and Y chromosomes evolve apart
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.. Figure 19.5 (a) A chromosomal in
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.. Mice do not show the same patter
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.. Study and review questions 1 (a)
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.. Morphological evolution is drive
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.. Figure 20.2 (a) Evolution by ter
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.. Developmental change can be by h
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.. . . . than might be expected fro
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.. A similar gene works in eye deve
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.. Figure 20.6 History of the Hox g
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.. Changes in arthropod limbs are a
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.. Switching systems may have made
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.. Study and review questions 1 If
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.. Horse teeth are an example of ho
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.. Horse teeth show a representativ
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.. Figure 21.2 Possible phylogeny o
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.. Figure 21.3 The relation between
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.. . . . disappear after the measur
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.. Box 21.1 Two Meanings of Gradual
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.. Time Punctuated equilibrium extr
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.. Time General younging direction
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.. Score Change in score per millio
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.. Time (Myr) Two species/million y
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.. Summary CHAPTER 21 / Rates of Ev
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.. 22Coevolution C oevolution happe
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.. Figure 22.2 Coevolution means th
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.. Pollinator relationships have le
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.. (a) Time Character Plant Insect
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.. (a) Plant ( Bursera ) sarukhanii
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.. Abiotic pollination Biotic polli
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.. Myxomatosis reduced rabbit popul
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.. Virulence depends on ... . . . t
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.. lower Virulence higher 1.1 1.0 0
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.. . . . is probably due to cospeci
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.. Brain size . . . are used to mea
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.. Incidence of repair 0.6 0.5 0.4
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.. Taxonomic survivorship curves ar
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.. . . . or a static equilibrium ..
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.. present. Biotic pollination, in
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.. 23Extinction and Radiation T his
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.. Figure 23.1 (a) The number of fa
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.. Box 23.1 Pseudoextinction Specie
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.. Figure 23.2 The observed extinct
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.. Position (m) 300 340 330 KT 0 10
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.. The fossil evidence can be teste
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.. Several factors may work interac
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.. Several models could explain why
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.. Box 23.2 Changes in Extinction R
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.. Molluskan larval types can be in
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.. (a) (b) Planktotrophic larvae No
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.. Figure 23.10 Species selection b
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.. CHAPTER 23 / Extinction and Radi
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.. Taxonomic replacements can be co
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.. Mammals proliferated in the earl
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.. Time (a) Observed incompleteness
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.. Number of families Number of fam
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.. Early research established the m
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.. 8 If natural selection favors on
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.. Study and review questions 1 Why
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.. Biogenetic law The name given by
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.. genetic load A reduction in the
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.. phenetic classification using la
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.. stabilizing selection Selection
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.. first terrestrial tetrapods; and
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.. photosynthesis a probably evolve
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.. Chapter 15 1. 2. A B C D E C A B
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.. 2. The eyes of insects and verte
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.. References Abouheif, E., Akam, M
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.. References 701 Bell, G. (1997a).
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.. References 703 Byers, J.A. (1997
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.. References 705 Cronin, T.M. & Sc
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.. References 707 Eldredge, N. & Go
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.. References 709 Gingerich, P.D. (
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.. References 711 Hamilton, W.D. (1
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.. References 713 Huelsenbeck, J.P.
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.. References 715 King, M-C. & Wils
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.. References 717 Lens, L., van Don
Page 1506: .. References 719 Maynard Smith, J.
Page 1510: .. References 721 Nielsen, R. (2001
Page 1514: .. References 723 Philippe, H. & Fo
Page 1518: .. References 725 Runnegar, B. (200
Page 1522: .. References 727 Singer, R. (ed.)
Page 1526: .. References 729 True, J.R., Weir,
Page 1530: .. References 731 Wiley, E.O. (1988
Page 1534: .. Index Note: page numbers in ital
Page 1538: .. see also Battus philenor (pipevi
Page 1542: .. deletion 562 diversity 161 homop
Page 1546: .. Cambrian 535-8 eutherian mammals
Page 1550: .. parent-offspring regressional sl
Page 1554: .. lungfish 540 evolutionary rate 6
Page 1560: 746 Index parasites (cont.): genome
Page 1564: 748 Index reproductive development
Page 1568: 750 Index synonymous changes (cont.
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