Evolution__3rd_Edition

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.. Figure 20.6 History of the Hox genes. Modern taxa contain many homologous Hox genes, and the distribution of the genes can be used to infer the time when new genes originated, and of a possible tetraploidization near the origin of vertebrates (compare Figure 19.2, p. 561). From Carroll et al. (2001). Expansion of central Hox genes Genome tetraploidization events Vertebrates Expansion of posterior Hox genes Cephalochordates Ubx Abd-B Lox5 Lox2/4 Post1/2 CHAPTER 20 / <strong>Evolution</strong>ary Developmental Biology 583 Echinoderms Arthropods Onychophora Nematodes Priapulids Annelids Mollusks Flatworms Lophophorates Cnidaria Anterior Central Posterior 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 lab pb zen zen2 bcd Dfd Scr ftz Antp Ubx Abd-A Abd-B ceh-13 lm-39 mab-5 egl-5 php-3 nob-1 Lox5 Lox2 Lox4 Post1 Post2 number of genes. Traditionally nematodes belonged to a branch nearer the base of the tree, between the Cnidaria and the rest of the Bilateria. Then we should not infer that they have lost genes, but that they are an intermediate stage in the early increase from two to seven Hox genes. The inferences for these early events are uncertain, and in any case we require a well substantiated phylogeny before we can draw confident conclusions. 20.7 Changes in the embryonic expression of genes are associated with evolutionary changes in morphology The vertebrae that make up the spine, or backbone, of a mouse differ from head to tail. For instance, the cervical vertebrae in the mouse’s neck differ in form from the thoracic
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.. EVOLUTION
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© 2004 by Blackwell Science Ltd a
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vi Brief Contents PART 5. MACROEVOL
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viii Full Contents 3.5 Ring “spec
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x Full Contents 7.2 Rates of molecu
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xii Full Contents 10.5 Genetics of
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xiv Full Contents PART 4. EVOLUTION
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xvi Full Contents 14.12 Identificat
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xviii Full Contents 17.7 Geographic
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xx Full Contents 21.4.3 Ordovician
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Preface The theory of evolution is
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xxiv Preface evolve resistance to d
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.. Introduction Part one When Darwi
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4 PART 1 / Introduction Evolution i
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6 PART 1 / Introduction Examples ex
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8 PART 1 / Introduction Time (a) (b
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10 PART 1 / Introduction . . . look
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12 PART 1 / Introduction Time (a) (
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14 PART 1 / Introduction Figure 1.7
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18 PART 1 / Introduction . . . and
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20 PART 1 / Introduction Further re
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22 PART 1 / Introduction DNA is car
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24 PART 1 / Introduction Most genes
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26 PART 1 / Introduction Table 2.1
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28 PART 1 / Introduction Original D
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30 PART 1 / Introduction (a) Transp
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32 PART 1 / Introduction . . . per
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34 PART 1 / Introduction Dominance
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Figure 2.11 Two populations with 10
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42 PART 1 / Introduction Study and
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44 PART 1 / Introduction Life could
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48 PART 1 / Introduction Tooth qual
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50 PART 1 / Introduction Artificial
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52 PART 1 / Introduction Ring speci
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54 PART 1 / Introduction Human obse
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58 PART 1 / Introduction 5' pG Anti
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62 PART 1 / Introduction (a) α-hem
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64 PART 1 / Introduction Age (Myr a
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66 PART 1 / Introduction The groups
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68 PART 1 / Introduction The scient
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70 PART 1 / Introduction Study and
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Plate 3 Here in the lower row are s
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Plate 6 Scrub jays (Aphelocoma coer
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Plate 8 Chromosomal races of the ho
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Plate 10 Geological map of North Am
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72 PART 1 / Introduction Cod produc
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74 PART 1 / Introduction The strugg
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76 PART 1 / Introduction Many chara
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82 PART 1 / Introduction Chromosome
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86 PART 1 / Introduction The condit
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90 PART 1 / Introduction Summary 1
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.. Evolutionary Genetics Part two T
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.. 5 The Theory of Natural Selectio
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.. Figure 5.1 The general model of
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.. . . . and use Mendel’s rules t
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.. A simpler proof of the Hardy- We
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.. The MN human blood group system
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.. CHAPTER 5 / The Theory of Natura
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.. We need to know more to understa
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.. Figure 5.4 Peppered moths natura
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.. Mark-recapture experiments sugge
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.. Manchester The fitness estimates
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.. Pests, such as mosquitoes, evolv
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.. Figure 5.8 The mortality of mosq
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.. Box 5.2 Resistance Management Th
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.. Other factors will be at work in
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.. . . . which can sometimes be use
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.. Figure 5.9 The global incidence
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.. In host-parasite relations, the
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.. Populations may be subdivided CH
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.. We construct a model of gene fre
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.. We construct a model of selectio
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.. Further reading CHAPTER 5 / The
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.. 6 Random Events in Population Ge
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.. Box 6.1 Random Sampling in Genet
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.. Probability of polymorphism 1.0
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.. Evolution can occur by random dr
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.. Random drift has consequences fo
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.. Generation 1 Generation2 Adults
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.. CHAPTER 6 / Random Events in Pop
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.. Heterozygosity ( H ) 1.0 0.9 0.8
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.. Summary 1 In a small population,
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.. 7 Natural Selection and Random D
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.. Two extreme views b selectionist
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.. The original neutral theory has
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.. . . . and levels of polymorphism
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.. homozygotes by normal Mendelian
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.. Amino acid differences 1.0 0.9 0
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.. Globin evolution in “living fo
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.. Long-generation species, e.g., w
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.. Observed heterozygosity 1.0 0.8
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.. The nearly neutral theory can ex
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.. Insulin illustrates the effect o
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.. CHAPTER 7 / Natural Selection an
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.. Biologists came to accept, throu
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.. Elevated dN/dS ratios are observ
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.. Box 7.4 Model Organisms for Biom
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.. But the test has proved illumina
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.. Evidence shows that synonymous c
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.. The genomic era is allowing new
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.. Summary 1 The neutral theory of
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.. Study and review questions 1 Dra
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.. The tiger swallowtail butterfly
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.. Mimicry requires the correct com
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.. A haplotype is a haploid combina
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.. Linkage disequilibrium ( D) r =
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.. The more complex multilocus mode
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.. Expected frequency ( piqi ) (a)
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.. A model of haplotype frequency c
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.. Evidence for linkage disequilibr
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.. (proportion of polymorphic sites
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.. CHAPTER 8 / Two-locus and Multil
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.. Adaptive topographies can be use
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.. Mean population fitness ( w ) -
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.. p' 0 1 0 Frequency of A allele S
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.. Study and review questions 1 Her
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.. Beak size influences feeding eff
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.. Population size Seed √depth ×
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.. Continuous characters are influe
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.. Genetic and environmental influe
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.. Several non-additive genetic fac
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.. Box 9.1 Some Statistical Terms U
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.. Parent-offspring similarity depe
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.. Frequency Frequency Generation 1
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.. New variation can be introduced
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.. (a) 1976-1977 (b) 1981-1982 (c)
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.. Figure 9.11 (a) The main veins i
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.. Certain non-linear relations can
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.. Behavior Physiology Life history
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.. Some heritable characters do not
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.. Further reading CHAPTER 9 / Quan
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.. Adaptation and Natural Selection
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.. 10Adaptive Explanation T his cha
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.. . . . factually, ... . . . or th
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.. Not all evolution is adaptive CH
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.. Figure 10.2 Stages in the evolut
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.. Some critics suggest that the in
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.. Box 10.1 Molecular Cooption The
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.. Fitness (a) (b) Small mutation L
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.. Figure 10.5 A cross between the
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.. . . . by experiment, ... . . . a
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.. Figure 10.6 The fruits of (a) Cr
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.. Heterozygous advantage may lead
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.. Figure 10.7 Developmental asymme
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.. . . . that can be tested between
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.. Fitness (a) Time 1 (b) Time 2 (c
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.. Fitness Fitness (a) Time 1 (c) T
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.. Imperfect adaptations may or may
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.. The “design” of an eye for s
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.. hypothesis of adaptation or cons
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.. Study and review questions 1 Wha
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.. An adaptation may benefit one le
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.. The sd gene gains an advantage f
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.. CHAPTER 11 / The Units of Select
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.. We define Hamilton’s rule Hami
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.. Kin selection is at work in this
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.. Selfish The theories of group se
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.. Box 11.1 Group Selection for Egg
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.. The unit of selection, in a seco
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.. * * The word “gene” is being
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.. Summary 1 Adaptations evolve by
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.. in Sexual Reproduction 12Adaptat
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.. Figure 12.2 Non-reproductive sex
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.. Figure 12.3 Evolution in (a) ase
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.. Asexual reproduction has a spind
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.. . . . as illustrated by a motor
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.. Log fitness of organisms Number
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.. Figure 12.7 Frequency changes of
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.. Genetic cycles in snails are con
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.. Darwin provided comparative evid
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.. . . . which may explain extreme
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.. Theory requires open-ended choic
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.. But selection may have removed h
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.. Courtship bouts Net reproductive
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.. Theory predicts deviations from
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.. CHAPTER 12 / Adaptations in Sexu
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.. Study and review questions 1 Wha
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346 PART 4 / Evolution and Diversit
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17Evolutionary Biogeography B iogeo
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522 PART 5 / Macroevolution looked
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524 PART 5 / Macroevolution Fossili
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526 PART 5 / Macroevolution Era Per
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528 PART 5 / Macroevolution N = N 0
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530 PART 5 / Macroevolution Early l
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532 PART 5 / Macroevolution Cells h
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.. Multicellular life originated ov
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.. Present ~540 Myr ~1,200 Myr Echi
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.. Figure 18.8 The rise of the angi
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.. Figure 18.9 The origin of tetrap
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.. Probainognathus Thrinaxodon Proc
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.. . . . and cynodonts but their te
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.. . . . and sexual dimorphism all
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.. Homo sapiens c. 100,000 years ag
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.. Macroevolution may be due to ext
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.. Summary 1 Fossils are formed whe
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.. Study and review questions 1 Rev
Page 1182: .. Evolutionary genomics aims to an
Page 1186: .. Figure 19.1 The history of the h
Page 1190: .. (a) A (b) 2 1 B C Vertebrate 1 2
Page 1194: .. Following symbiosis ... . . . ge
Page 1198: .. X and Y chromosomes evolve apart
Page 1202: .. Figure 19.5 (a) A chromosomal in
Page 1206: .. Mice do not show the same patter
Page 1210: .. Study and review questions 1 (a)
Page 1214: .. Morphological evolution is drive
Page 1218: .. Figure 20.2 (a) Evolution by ter
Page 1222: .. Developmental change can be by h
Page 1226: .. . . . than might be expected fro
Page 1230: .. A similar gene works in eye deve
Page 1236: 584 PART 5 / Macroevolution Mouse C
Page 1240: 586 PART 5 / Macroevolution A gene
Page 1244: 588 PART 5 / Macroevolution Summary
Page 1248: 21Rates of Evolution E volutionary
Page 1252: 592 PART 5 / Macroevolution Time (M
Page 1256: 594 PART 5 / Macroevolution Table 2
Page 1260: 596 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . a
Page 1264: 598 PART 5 / Macroevolution (a) 5 B
Page 1268: 600 PART 5 / Macroevolution Figure
Page 1272: 602 PART 5 / Macroevolution Apparen
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608 PART 5 / Macroevolution Figure
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612 PART 5 / Macroevolution Further
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616 PART 5 / Macroevolution Full ev
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620 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . o
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622 PART 5 / Macroevolution One stu
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624 PART 5 / Macroevolution Box 22.
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626 PART 5 / Macroevolution Table 2
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628 PART 5 / Macroevolution Nematod
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630 PART 5 / Macroevolution The cop
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634 PART 5 / Macroevolution Carnivo
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638 PART 5 / Macroevolution Number
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640 PART 5 / Macroevolution Coevolu
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642 PART 5 / Macroevolution Study a
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644 PART 5 / Macroevolution Adaptiv
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646 PART 5 / Macroevolution Extinct
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648 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . b
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Tertiary Lower Danian Cretaceous Up
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652 PART 5 / Macroevolution The ast
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654 PART 5 / Macroevolution 10 6 ye
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656 PART 5 / Macroevolution Extinct
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658 PART 5 / Macroevolution Darwin
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660 PART 5 / Macroevolution (a) Ext
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664 PART 5 / Macroevolution Hansen
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666 PART 5 / Macroevolution Taxa wi
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668 PART 5 / Macroevolution Fossil
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670 PART 5 / Macroevolution One gro
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672 PART 5 / Macroevolution Molecul
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674 PART 5 / Macroevolution Changes
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676 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . o
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678 PART 5 / Macroevolution Summary
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680 PART 5 / Macroevolution (2002),
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Glossary Words in italics cross-ref
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684 Glossary individuals, such as p
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686 Glossary isolating mechanism An
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688 Glossary random drift Synonym o
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Answers to Study and Review Questio
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692 Answers to Study and Review Que
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700 References Arnold, M.L. (1997).
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702 References Briggs, D.E.G. & Cro
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704 References Clarke, C.A., Sheppa
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706 References Dietl, G.P., Alexand
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708 References Flynn, J.J. & Wyss,
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710 References Grant, P.R. & Grant,
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712 References Hey, J. (2001). Gene
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714 References Jeffreys, A.J., Royl
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716 References Kruuk, L.E.B., Meril
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718 References MacFadden, B.J. (199
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720 References Milinkovitch, M.C.,
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722 References Orr, H.A. (1998). Th
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724 References Rice, W.R. (2002). E
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726 References Sequeira, A.S., Lant
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728 References Surlyk, F. & Johanse
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730 References Vrba, E.S. (1993). T
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732 References Wright, S. (1977). E
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734 Index angiosperms (cont.): inse
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736 Index coloration (cont.): prezy
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738 Index evolution (cont.): long-t
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740 Index genetics (cont.): charact
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742 Index immunoglobulins 24 immuno
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744 Index molecular distance 440-2
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746 Index parasites (cont.): genome
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748 Index reproductive development
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750 Index synonymous changes (cont.
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