Evolution__3rd_Edition

Recommendations

Info

746 Index parasites (cont.): genome reduction 562 lice 630–1, 632 number infecting host 627, 628, 629 transmission horizontal 627 vertical 627, 628, 629 virulence 624–5, 626, 627–8, 629 parent–offspring correlation 234–5 parent–offspring regressional slope 237–8 parsimony 435, 687 phylogenetic inference 445–7, 449 phylogenetic tree 455 Partula (snail) 389 Passer domesticus (house sparrow) 46–7 geographic variation 359, 360, 364, 376 vocalization 376 patch occupancy 302–3 Paterson, H.E.H. 352 pathogens, genome reduction 562 Pax6 gene 580–1 peacocks, tails 328, 329, 330–1, 334 peak shifts see adaptive peaks Pearson, Karl 14 pectoral articulations 59 pedigrees 11 phylogenetic 12 pedomorphosis 575, 576, 577 pelvic articulations 59 pelvis, vestigial 59, 60 pelycosaurs 544 pentadactyl limb see tetrapods, pentadactyl limb peppered moth see Biston betularia (peppered moth) perissodactyls 257–8 permethrin resistance 117 Permian era, mass extinction 649, 675 Peters and Foote, sedimentary record quality 658, 659–60 pfcrt gene 213 phenetic characters 348–50 similarities 432, 441n, 477 placental/marsupial mammals 429–30 phenetic classification 472–5, 687 cluster statistics 476–9 distance measures 476–9 evolutionary classification 485–6, 487 hierarchical 487 phenetic clusters 368, 375, 376 asexual reproduction 372 phenetic species 354–5, 367–9, 687 phenetic units 375 phenotype 38, 39, 687 additive effect 230 beak size 228–9 fitness variation 86 relations with genotype 242, 243–4, 245 similarity 49–50 phenotypic variance 232 Philosophie Zoologique (Lamarck) 7, 8 Phlox drummondii (herb) 73 photosynthesis 533 chloroplasts 26 phyletic gradualism 259–60, 266, 599, 600, 601 evidence for 602–6 Ordovician trilobites 605 Phylloscopus trochiloides (warbler) 389 phylocode 484–5 phylogenetic hierarchy 484 evolutionary classification 485–6, 487 phylogenetic inference 426, 466 homologies 427–8 ancestral 432 lineage rate of evolution 456 maximum likelihood principle 447–8, 449 molecular sequences 437–9 molecular distance technique 440–2, 449 statistical techniques 439–49 outgroup comparison 434–5 parsimony 445–7, 449 phylogenetic principles 472–4 phylogenetic relations in tetrapods 481–2 phylogenetic species 354–5 phylogenetic systematics 425, 474 Phylogenetic Systematics (Hennig) 425 phylogenetic trees/phylogenies 61–2, 424–5, 687 ancestral relations between species 424–5 branching relations 479–81 cetaceans 450, 451 cladistic techniques 425–6, 427 congruence 509–10 divergence of species 455, 456, 487–9 fossil record 435–6 local optimum 455 long branch attraction 456 mirror-image 618–20, 630, 631, 632 morphological characters 425–6, 427 number in molecular phylogenetics 452–5 parsimonious 455 rooted 439–40, 459, 460, 461 unrooted 439–40, 453, 463–4, 465 rooting 459, 460 phylogenetics, molecular 449–58 algorithms 453–4 lineage rate of evolution 456 molecular sequence alignment 452 number of trees 452–5 optimality criteria 453 orthologs 457–8 paralogs 457–8 phylum 472, 483 pigeon, domestic 50 placental mammals, convergence with marsupial 429–30 plankton 660, 687 plants chemical defenses 616–17, 620, 621 coevolution with insects 616–20, 621, 622–3 dicotyledons 560 diversification 622 exploitation by phytophagous insects 620, 621 hybridization 405–8, Plate 9 land 538–40 Mediterranean 503–4 monocotyledons 560 natural insecticides 616 seed 539 terrestrial 540 see also angiosperms; gymnosperms Plasmodium falciparum (malarial parasite) 125 selective sweep 213 plate tectonic movements 505–12 extinctions 655 Great American Interchange 512–17 Plato 8 pleiotropy 275–6, 386–7, 414–15 prezygotic isolation 404 Plethodon (salamander) 366–7 Pleuronectes (flatfish) 574 pluralism of evolutionary processes 258 Poisson distribution 655–6, 687 polar adaptation 552 polio virus 455 pollen 356–7 pollination 617, 622 abiotic 622, 623 insect 85–6, 617, 622, 623 pollution, isolating barriers 358 polyandry, sexual selection 329 polygyny 328–9 polymorphisms 81, 687 dN/dS ratio 184 elimination 128 intraspecific 457 maintenance by selection 123–4 mimetic 195, 196–7, 213, 269 molecular evolution 156 multilocus 195 ..
Page 2:
.. EVOLUTION
Page 8:
© 2004 by Blackwell Science Ltd a
Page 12:
vi Brief Contents PART 5. MACROEVOL
Page 16:
viii Full Contents 3.5 Ring “spec
Page 20:
x Full Contents 7.2 Rates of molecu
Page 24:
xii Full Contents 10.5 Genetics of
Page 28:
xiv Full Contents PART 4. EVOLUTION
Page 32:
xvi Full Contents 14.12 Identificat
Page 36:
xviii Full Contents 17.7 Geographic
Page 40:
xx Full Contents 21.4.3 Ordovician
Page 44:
Preface The theory of evolution is
Page 48:
xxiv Preface evolve resistance to d
Page 54:
.. Introduction Part one When Darwi
Page 60:
4 PART 1 / Introduction Evolution i
Page 64:
6 PART 1 / Introduction Examples ex
Page 68:
8 PART 1 / Introduction Time (a) (b
Page 72:
10 PART 1 / Introduction . . . look
Page 76:
12 PART 1 / Introduction Time (a) (
Page 80:
14 PART 1 / Introduction Figure 1.7
Page 84:
Page 88:
18 PART 1 / Introduction . . . and
Page 92:
20 PART 1 / Introduction Further re
Page 96:
22 PART 1 / Introduction DNA is car
Page 100:
24 PART 1 / Introduction Most genes
Page 104:
26 PART 1 / Introduction Table 2.1
Page 108:
28 PART 1 / Introduction Original D
Page 112:
30 PART 1 / Introduction (a) Transp
Page 116:
32 PART 1 / Introduction . . . per
Page 120:
34 PART 1 / Introduction Dominance
Page 124:
Page 128:
Page 132:
Figure 2.11 Two populations with 10
Page 136:
42 PART 1 / Introduction Study and
Page 140:
44 PART 1 / Introduction Life could
Page 144:
Page 148:
48 PART 1 / Introduction Tooth qual
Page 152:
50 PART 1 / Introduction Artificial
Page 156:
52 PART 1 / Introduction Ring speci
Page 160:
54 PART 1 / Introduction Human obse
Page 164:
Page 168:
58 PART 1 / Introduction 5' pG Anti
Page 172:
Page 176:
62 PART 1 / Introduction (a) α-hem
Page 180:
64 PART 1 / Introduction Age (Myr a
Page 184:
66 PART 1 / Introduction The groups
Page 188:
68 PART 1 / Introduction The scient
Page 192:
70 PART 1 / Introduction Study and
Page 196:
Plate 3 Here in the lower row are s
Page 200:
Plate 6 Scrub jays (Aphelocoma coer
Page 204:
Plate 8 Chromosomal races of the ho
Page 208:
Plate 10 Geological map of North Am
Page 212:
72 PART 1 / Introduction Cod produc
Page 216:
74 PART 1 / Introduction The strugg
Page 220:
76 PART 1 / Introduction Many chara
Page 224:
Page 228:
Page 232:
82 PART 1 / Introduction Chromosome
Page 236:
Page 240:
86 PART 1 / Introduction The condit
Page 244:
Page 248:
90 PART 1 / Introduction Summary 1
Page 254:
.. Evolutionary Genetics Part two T
Page 258:
.. 5 The Theory of Natural Selectio
Page 262:
.. Figure 5.1 The general model of
Page 266:
.. . . . and use Mendel’s rules t
Page 270:
.. A simpler proof of the Hardy- We
Page 274:
.. The MN human blood group system
Page 278:
.. CHAPTER 5 / The Theory of Natura
Page 282:
.. We need to know more to understa
Page 286:
.. Figure 5.4 Peppered moths natura
Page 290:
.. Mark-recapture experiments sugge
Page 294:
.. Manchester The fitness estimates
Page 298:
.. Pests, such as mosquitoes, evolv
Page 302:
.. Figure 5.8 The mortality of mosq
Page 306:
.. Box 5.2 Resistance Management Th
Page 310:
.. Other factors will be at work in
Page 314:
.. . . . which can sometimes be use
Page 318:
.. Figure 5.9 The global incidence
Page 322:
.. In host-parasite relations, the
Page 326:
.. Populations may be subdivided CH
Page 330:
.. We construct a model of gene fre
Page 334:
.. We construct a model of selectio
Page 338:
.. Further reading CHAPTER 5 / The
Page 342:
.. 6 Random Events in Population Ge
Page 346:
.. Box 6.1 Random Sampling in Genet
Page 350:
.. Probability of polymorphism 1.0
Page 354:
.. Evolution can occur by random dr
Page 358:
.. Random drift has consequences fo
Page 362:
.. Generation 1 Generation2 Adults
Page 366:
.. CHAPTER 6 / Random Events in Pop
Page 370:
.. Heterozygosity ( H ) 1.0 0.9 0.8
Page 374:
.. Summary 1 In a small population,
Page 378:
.. 7 Natural Selection and Random D
Page 382:
.. Two extreme views b selectionist
Page 386:
.. The original neutral theory has
Page 390:
.. . . . and levels of polymorphism
Page 394:
.. homozygotes by normal Mendelian
Page 398:
.. Amino acid differences 1.0 0.9 0
Page 402:
.. Globin evolution in “living fo
Page 406:
.. Long-generation species, e.g., w
Page 410:
.. Observed heterozygosity 1.0 0.8
Page 414:
.. The nearly neutral theory can ex
Page 418:
.. Insulin illustrates the effect o
Page 422:
.. CHAPTER 7 / Natural Selection an
Page 426:
.. Biologists came to accept, throu
Page 430:
.. Elevated dN/dS ratios are observ
Page 434:
.. Box 7.4 Model Organisms for Biom
Page 438:
.. But the test has proved illumina
Page 442:
.. Evidence shows that synonymous c
Page 446:
.. The genomic era is allowing new
Page 450:
.. Summary 1 The neutral theory of
Page 454:
.. Study and review questions 1 Dra
Page 458:
.. The tiger swallowtail butterfly
Page 462:
.. Mimicry requires the correct com
Page 466:
.. A haplotype is a haploid combina
Page 470:
.. Linkage disequilibrium ( D) r =
Page 474:
.. The more complex multilocus mode
Page 478:
.. Expected frequency ( piqi ) (a)
Page 482:
.. A model of haplotype frequency c
Page 486:
.. Evidence for linkage disequilibr
Page 490:
.. (proportion of polymorphic sites
Page 494:
.. CHAPTER 8 / Two-locus and Multil
Page 498:
.. Adaptive topographies can be use
Page 502:
.. Mean population fitness ( w ) -
Page 506:
.. p' 0 1 0 Frequency of A allele S
Page 510:
.. Study and review questions 1 Her
Page 514:
.. Beak size influences feeding eff
Page 518:
.. Population size Seed √depth ×
Page 522:
.. Continuous characters are influe
Page 526:
.. Genetic and environmental influe
Page 530:
.. Several non-additive genetic fac
Page 534:
.. Box 9.1 Some Statistical Terms U
Page 538:
.. Parent-offspring similarity depe
Page 542:
.. Frequency Frequency Generation 1
Page 546:
.. New variation can be introduced
Page 550:
.. (a) 1976-1977 (b) 1981-1982 (c)
Page 554:
.. Figure 9.11 (a) The main veins i
Page 558:
.. Certain non-linear relations can
Page 562:
.. Behavior Physiology Life history
Page 566:
.. Some heritable characters do not
Page 570:
.. Further reading CHAPTER 9 / Quan
Page 574:
.. Adaptation and Natural Selection
Page 578:
.. 10Adaptive Explanation T his cha
Page 582:
.. . . . factually, ... . . . or th
Page 586:
.. Not all evolution is adaptive CH
Page 590:
.. Figure 10.2 Stages in the evolut
Page 594:
.. Some critics suggest that the in
Page 598:
.. Box 10.1 Molecular Cooption The
Page 602:
.. Fitness (a) (b) Small mutation L
Page 606:
.. Figure 10.5 A cross between the
Page 610:
.. . . . by experiment, ... . . . a
Page 614:
.. Figure 10.6 The fruits of (a) Cr
Page 618:
.. Heterozygous advantage may lead
Page 622:
.. Figure 10.7 Developmental asymme
Page 626:
.. . . . that can be tested between
Page 630:
.. Fitness (a) Time 1 (b) Time 2 (c
Page 634:
.. Fitness Fitness (a) Time 1 (c) T
Page 638:
.. Imperfect adaptations may or may
Page 642:
.. The “design” of an eye for s
Page 646:
.. hypothesis of adaptation or cons
Page 650:
.. Study and review questions 1 Wha
Page 654:
.. An adaptation may benefit one le
Page 658:
.. The sd gene gains an advantage f
Page 662:
.. CHAPTER 11 / The Units of Select
Page 666:
.. We define Hamilton’s rule Hami
Page 670:
.. Kin selection is at work in this
Page 674:
.. Selfish The theories of group se
Page 678:
.. Box 11.1 Group Selection for Egg
Page 682:
.. The unit of selection, in a seco
Page 686:
.. * * The word “gene” is being
Page 690:
.. Summary 1 Adaptations evolve by
Page 694:
.. in Sexual Reproduction 12Adaptat
Page 698:
.. Figure 12.2 Non-reproductive sex
Page 702:
.. Figure 12.3 Evolution in (a) ase
Page 706:
.. Asexual reproduction has a spind
Page 710:
.. . . . as illustrated by a motor
Page 714:
.. Log fitness of organisms Number
Page 718:
.. Figure 12.7 Frequency changes of
Page 722:
.. Genetic cycles in snails are con
Page 726:
.. Darwin provided comparative evid
Page 730:
.. . . . which may explain extreme
Page 734:
.. Theory requires open-ended choic
Page 738:
.. But selection may have removed h
Page 742:
.. Courtship bouts Net reproductive
Page 746:
.. Theory predicts deviations from
Page 750:
.. CHAPTER 12 / Adaptations in Sexu
Page 754:
.. Study and review questions 1 Wha
Page 760:
346 PART 4 / Evolution and Diversit
Page 764:
Page 768:
Page 772:
Page 776:
Page 780:
Page 784:
Page 788:
Page 792:
Page 796:
Page 800:
Page 804:
Page 808:
Page 812:
Page 816:
Page 820:
Page 824:
Page 828:
Page 832:
Page 836:
Page 840:
Page 844:
Page 848:
Page 852:
Page 856:
Page 860:
Page 864:
Page 868:
Page 872:
Page 876:
Page 880:
Page 884:
Page 888:
Page 892:
Page 896:
Page 900:
Page 904:
Page 908:
Page 912:
Page 916:
Page 920:
Page 924:
Page 928:
Page 932:
Page 936:
Page 940:
Page 944:
Page 948:
Page 952:
Page 956:
Page 960:
Page 964:
Page 968:
Page 972:
Page 976:
Page 980:
Page 984:
Page 988:
Page 992:
Page 996:
Page 1000:
Page 1004:
Page 1008:
Page 1012:
Page 1016:
Page 1020:
Page 1024:
Page 1028:
Page 1032:
Page 1036:
Page 1040:
Page 1044:
Page 1048:
Page 1052:
17Evolutionary Biogeography B iogeo
Page 1056:
Page 1060:
Page 1064:
Page 1068:
Page 1072:
Page 1076:
Page 1080:
Page 1084:
Page 1088:
Page 1092:
Page 1096:
Page 1100:
Page 1104:
Page 1108:
Page 1112:
522 PART 5 / Macroevolution looked
Page 1116:
524 PART 5 / Macroevolution Fossili
Page 1120:
526 PART 5 / Macroevolution Era Per
Page 1124:
528 PART 5 / Macroevolution N = N 0
Page 1128:
530 PART 5 / Macroevolution Early l
Page 1132:
532 PART 5 / Macroevolution Cells h
Page 1138:
.. Multicellular life originated ov
Page 1142:
.. Present ~540 Myr ~1,200 Myr Echi
Page 1146:
.. Figure 18.8 The rise of the angi
Page 1150:
.. Figure 18.9 The origin of tetrap
Page 1154:
.. Probainognathus Thrinaxodon Proc
Page 1158:
.. . . . and cynodonts but their te
Page 1162:
.. . . . and sexual dimorphism all
Page 1166:
.. Homo sapiens c. 100,000 years ag
Page 1170:
.. Macroevolution may be due to ext
Page 1174:
.. Summary 1 Fossils are formed whe
Page 1178:
.. Study and review questions 1 Rev
Page 1182:
.. Evolutionary genomics aims to an
Page 1186:
.. Figure 19.1 The history of the h
Page 1190:
.. (a) A (b) 2 1 B C Vertebrate 1 2
Page 1194:
.. Following symbiosis ... . . . ge
Page 1198:
.. X and Y chromosomes evolve apart
Page 1202:
.. Figure 19.5 (a) A chromosomal in
Page 1206:
.. Mice do not show the same patter
Page 1210:
.. Study and review questions 1 (a)
Page 1214:
.. Morphological evolution is drive
Page 1218:
.. Figure 20.2 (a) Evolution by ter
Page 1222:
.. Developmental change can be by h
Page 1226:
.. . . . than might be expected fro
Page 1230:
.. A similar gene works in eye deve
Page 1234:
.. Figure 20.6 History of the Hox g
Page 1238:
.. Changes in arthropod limbs are a
Page 1242:
.. Switching systems may have made
Page 1246:
.. Study and review questions 1 If
Page 1250:
.. Horse teeth are an example of ho
Page 1254:
.. Horse teeth show a representativ
Page 1258:
.. Figure 21.2 Possible phylogeny o
Page 1262:
.. Figure 21.3 The relation between
Page 1266:
.. . . . disappear after the measur
Page 1270:
.. Box 21.1 Two Meanings of Gradual
Page 1274:
.. Time Punctuated equilibrium extr
Page 1278:
.. Time General younging direction
Page 1282:
.. Score Change in score per millio
Page 1286:
.. Time (Myr) Two species/million y
Page 1290:
.. Summary CHAPTER 21 / Rates of Ev
Page 1294:
.. 22Coevolution C oevolution happe
Page 1298:
.. Figure 22.2 Coevolution means th
Page 1302:
.. Pollinator relationships have le
Page 1306:
.. (a) Time Character Plant Insect
Page 1310:
.. (a) Plant ( Bursera ) sarukhanii
Page 1314:
.. Abiotic pollination Biotic polli
Page 1318:
.. Myxomatosis reduced rabbit popul
Page 1322:
.. Virulence depends on ... . . . t
Page 1326:
.. lower Virulence higher 1.1 1.0 0
Page 1330:
.. . . . is probably due to cospeci
Page 1334:
.. Brain size . . . are used to mea
Page 1338:
.. Incidence of repair 0.6 0.5 0.4
Page 1342:
.. Taxonomic survivorship curves ar
Page 1346:
.. . . . or a static equilibrium ..
Page 1350:
.. present. Biotic pollination, in
Page 1354:
.. 23Extinction and Radiation T his
Page 1358:
.. Figure 23.1 (a) The number of fa
Page 1362:
.. Box 23.1 Pseudoextinction Specie
Page 1366:
.. Figure 23.2 The observed extinct
Page 1370:
.. Position (m) 300 340 330 KT 0 10
Page 1374:
.. The fossil evidence can be teste
Page 1378:
.. Several factors may work interac
Page 1382:
.. Several models could explain why
Page 1386:
.. Box 23.2 Changes in Extinction R
Page 1390:
.. Molluskan larval types can be in
Page 1394:
.. (a) (b) Planktotrophic larvae No
Page 1398:
.. Figure 23.10 Species selection b
Page 1402:
.. CHAPTER 23 / Extinction and Radi
Page 1406:
.. Taxonomic replacements can be co
Page 1410:
.. Mammals proliferated in the earl
Page 1414:
.. Time (a) Observed incompleteness
Page 1418:
.. Number of families Number of fam
Page 1422:
.. Early research established the m
Page 1426:
.. 8 If natural selection favors on
Page 1430:
.. Study and review questions 1 Why
Page 1434:
.. Biogenetic law The name given by
Page 1438:
.. genetic load A reduction in the
Page 1442:
.. phenetic classification using la
Page 1446:
.. stabilizing selection Selection
Page 1450:
.. first terrestrial tetrapods; and
Page 1454:
.. photosynthesis a probably evolve
Page 1458:
.. Chapter 15 1. 2. A B C D E C A B
Page 1462:
.. 2. The eyes of insects and verte
Page 1466:
.. References Abouheif, E., Akam, M
Page 1470:
.. References 701 Bell, G. (1997a).
Page 1474:
.. References 703 Byers, J.A. (1997
Page 1478:
.. References 705 Cronin, T.M. & Sc
Page 1482:
.. References 707 Eldredge, N. & Go
Page 1486:
.. References 709 Gingerich, P.D. (
Page 1490:
.. References 711 Hamilton, W.D. (1
Page 1494:
.. References 713 Huelsenbeck, J.P.
Page 1498:
.. References 715 King, M-C. & Wils
Page 1502:
.. References 717 Lens, L., van Don
Page 1506:
.. References 719 Maynard Smith, J.
Page 1510: .. References 721 Nielsen, R. (2001
Page 1514: .. References 723 Philippe, H. & Fo
Page 1518: .. References 725 Runnegar, B. (200
Page 1522: .. References 727 Singer, R. (ed.)
Page 1526: .. References 729 True, J.R., Weir,
Page 1530: .. References 731 Wiley, E.O. (1988
Page 1534: .. Index Note: page numbers in ital
Page 1538: .. see also Battus philenor (pipevi
Page 1542: .. deletion 562 diversity 161 homop
Page 1546: .. Cambrian 535-8 eutherian mammals
Page 1550: .. parent-offspring regressional sl
Page 1554: .. lungfish 540 evolutionary rate 6
Page 1558: .. linkage disequilibrium 207, 309
Page 1564: 748 Index reproductive development
Page 1568: 750 Index synonymous changes (cont.
show all

Evolution__3rd_Edition

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?