Evolution__3rd_Edition

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.. (a) Plant ( Bursera ) sarukhanii submonliformis bipinnata asplenifolia velutina hintoni diversifolia biflora xochipalensis glabrifolia palmeri infiernidialis penicillata mirandae heteresthes bonetti cuneata aloexylon coyucensis paradoxa schlechtendali chemapodicta fagpurpusii ariensis discolor aptera trifoliolata morelensis suntui fragilis trimera denticulata crenata kerberi grandifolia atenuata arborea instabilis C. virgata* C. monstruosa* C. simplicifolia* Boswhildebrantii* spondias* (c) Beetle physiology, with host plant chemistry Insect … Plant flavocostata 1 flavocostata 2 flavocostata 3 flavocostata 4 flavocostata 5 Unknown 1 Unknown 2 Unknown 3 Unknown 4 Unknown 5 alternata Unknown 6 pallida multimaculata Unknown 7 Unknown 8 balyi flohri Unknown 11 Unknown 9 sparsa Unknown 10 Unknown 12 *podontia Beetle ( Blepharida ) (b) Plant chemistry FLA1 … BONE FLA2 … SARU FLA3 … SUBM FLA3 … HINT FLA4 … VELU FLA5 … ASPL FLA5 … BIFL UNK1 … MORE UNK2 … INFI UNK3 … SUBM UNK4 … XOCH UNK5 … GRAN UNK6 … GLAB PALL … HETE PALL … CUNE PALL … COYU PALL … ALOE ALTE … ARBO ALTE … ATEN ALTE … CHEM ALTE … PALM ALTE … MIRA ALTE … FRAG ALTE … PENI ALTE … INST MULT … FAGP MULT … PARA MULT … TRIF MULT … DISC UNK7 … SCHL UNK8 … SUNT BALY … DIVE BALY … DISC FLOR … BIPI UNK9 … CREN UNK9 … DENT UNK9 … TRIM SPAR … KERB UN10 … APTE UN11 … SCHL UN12 … ARIE Figure 22.5 (a) Phylogenies of Bursera, a genus of plants (left), and of Blepharida, a genus of beetles (right) that feed on Bursera. The beetle species are mainly monophagous and each beetle species is written next to the plant species that it feeds on. The two phylogenies are not mirror images. (b) The phylogeny of the plants (Bursera) showing the distribution of four chemical defense systems. The four are phylogenetically scattered about, rather than falling into the four branches of the plant phylogeny. (c) Phylogeny of the beetles (Blepharida) with the chemical defenses of their host plants written on the phylogeny. The chemistry of the host plants forms neat phylogenetic VELU HINT ASPL BIPI SUBM SARU XOCH GLAB BIFL DIVE MIRA HETE INFI PENI PALM ALOE COYU CUNE BONE SCHL CHEM FAGP ARIE APTE TRIF DISC PARA MORE SUNT CREN KERB DENT TRIM FRAG ARBO INST ATEN GRAN groups on the beetle phylogeny. (Multiple branches are for polyphagous beetle species a those that feed on more than one plant species.) The three phylogenies can be read together as follows. Take a group of beetles in (c), such as FLA1–5 at the left. Their host plants are chemically similar. In (a) these five beetle species are at the top, and we can see that FLA1 and FLA2, for instance, feed on phylogenetically unrelated species of plants. Perhaps FLA2 evolved after a host shift in recent times. The host shift was possible because the two host plants B. bonetti and B. sarukhanii are chemically similar (as can be seen in (b)). Modified, by permission, from Becerra (1997). © 1997 American Association for the Advancement of Science.
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.. EVOLUTION
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© 2004 by Blackwell Science Ltd a
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vi Brief Contents PART 5. MACROEVOL
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viii Full Contents 3.5 Ring “spec
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x Full Contents 7.2 Rates of molecu
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xii Full Contents 10.5 Genetics of
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xiv Full Contents PART 4. EVOLUTION
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xvi Full Contents 14.12 Identificat
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xviii Full Contents 17.7 Geographic
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xx Full Contents 21.4.3 Ordovician
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Preface The theory of evolution is
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xxiv Preface evolve resistance to d
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.. Introduction Part one When Darwi
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4 PART 1 / Introduction Evolution i
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6 PART 1 / Introduction Examples ex
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8 PART 1 / Introduction Time (a) (b
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10 PART 1 / Introduction . . . look
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12 PART 1 / Introduction Time (a) (
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14 PART 1 / Introduction Figure 1.7
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18 PART 1 / Introduction . . . and
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20 PART 1 / Introduction Further re
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22 PART 1 / Introduction DNA is car
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24 PART 1 / Introduction Most genes
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26 PART 1 / Introduction Table 2.1
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28 PART 1 / Introduction Original D
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30 PART 1 / Introduction (a) Transp
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32 PART 1 / Introduction . . . per
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34 PART 1 / Introduction Dominance
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Figure 2.11 Two populations with 10
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42 PART 1 / Introduction Study and
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44 PART 1 / Introduction Life could
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48 PART 1 / Introduction Tooth qual
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50 PART 1 / Introduction Artificial
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52 PART 1 / Introduction Ring speci
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54 PART 1 / Introduction Human obse
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58 PART 1 / Introduction 5' pG Anti
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62 PART 1 / Introduction (a) α-hem
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64 PART 1 / Introduction Age (Myr a
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66 PART 1 / Introduction The groups
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68 PART 1 / Introduction The scient
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70 PART 1 / Introduction Study and
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Plate 3 Here in the lower row are s
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Plate 6 Scrub jays (Aphelocoma coer
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Plate 8 Chromosomal races of the ho
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Plate 10 Geological map of North Am
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72 PART 1 / Introduction Cod produc
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74 PART 1 / Introduction The strugg
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76 PART 1 / Introduction Many chara
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82 PART 1 / Introduction Chromosome
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86 PART 1 / Introduction The condit
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90 PART 1 / Introduction Summary 1
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.. Evolutionary Genetics Part two T
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.. 5 The Theory of Natural Selectio
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.. Figure 5.1 The general model of
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.. . . . and use Mendel’s rules t
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.. A simpler proof of the Hardy- We
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.. The MN human blood group system
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.. CHAPTER 5 / The Theory of Natura
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.. We need to know more to understa
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.. Figure 5.4 Peppered moths natura
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.. Mark-recapture experiments sugge
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.. Manchester The fitness estimates
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.. Pests, such as mosquitoes, evolv
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.. Figure 5.8 The mortality of mosq
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.. Box 5.2 Resistance Management Th
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.. Other factors will be at work in
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.. . . . which can sometimes be use
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.. Figure 5.9 The global incidence
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.. In host-parasite relations, the
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.. Populations may be subdivided CH
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.. We construct a model of gene fre
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.. We construct a model of selectio
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.. Further reading CHAPTER 5 / The
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.. 6 Random Events in Population Ge
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.. Box 6.1 Random Sampling in Genet
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.. Probability of polymorphism 1.0
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.. Evolution can occur by random dr
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.. Random drift has consequences fo
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.. Generation 1 Generation2 Adults
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.. CHAPTER 6 / Random Events in Pop
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.. Heterozygosity ( H ) 1.0 0.9 0.8
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.. Summary 1 In a small population,
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.. 7 Natural Selection and Random D
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.. Two extreme views b selectionist
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.. The original neutral theory has
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.. . . . and levels of polymorphism
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.. homozygotes by normal Mendelian
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.. Amino acid differences 1.0 0.9 0
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.. Globin evolution in “living fo
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.. Long-generation species, e.g., w
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.. Observed heterozygosity 1.0 0.8
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.. The nearly neutral theory can ex
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.. Insulin illustrates the effect o
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.. CHAPTER 7 / Natural Selection an
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.. Biologists came to accept, throu
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.. Elevated dN/dS ratios are observ
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.. Box 7.4 Model Organisms for Biom
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.. But the test has proved illumina
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.. Evidence shows that synonymous c
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.. The genomic era is allowing new
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.. Summary 1 The neutral theory of
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.. Study and review questions 1 Dra
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.. The tiger swallowtail butterfly
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.. Mimicry requires the correct com
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.. A haplotype is a haploid combina
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.. Linkage disequilibrium ( D) r =
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.. The more complex multilocus mode
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.. Expected frequency ( piqi ) (a)
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.. A model of haplotype frequency c
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.. Evidence for linkage disequilibr
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.. (proportion of polymorphic sites
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.. CHAPTER 8 / Two-locus and Multil
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.. Adaptive topographies can be use
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.. Mean population fitness ( w ) -
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.. p' 0 1 0 Frequency of A allele S
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.. Study and review questions 1 Her
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.. Beak size influences feeding eff
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.. Population size Seed √depth ×
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.. Continuous characters are influe
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.. Genetic and environmental influe
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.. Several non-additive genetic fac
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.. Box 9.1 Some Statistical Terms U
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.. Parent-offspring similarity depe
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.. Frequency Frequency Generation 1
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.. New variation can be introduced
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.. (a) 1976-1977 (b) 1981-1982 (c)
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.. Figure 9.11 (a) The main veins i
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.. Certain non-linear relations can
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.. Behavior Physiology Life history
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.. Some heritable characters do not
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.. Further reading CHAPTER 9 / Quan
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.. Adaptation and Natural Selection
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.. 10Adaptive Explanation T his cha
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.. . . . factually, ... . . . or th
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.. Not all evolution is adaptive CH
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.. Figure 10.2 Stages in the evolut
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.. Some critics suggest that the in
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.. Box 10.1 Molecular Cooption The
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.. Fitness (a) (b) Small mutation L
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.. Figure 10.5 A cross between the
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.. . . . by experiment, ... . . . a
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.. Figure 10.6 The fruits of (a) Cr
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.. Heterozygous advantage may lead
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.. Figure 10.7 Developmental asymme
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.. . . . that can be tested between
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.. Fitness (a) Time 1 (b) Time 2 (c
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.. Fitness Fitness (a) Time 1 (c) T
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.. Imperfect adaptations may or may
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.. The “design” of an eye for s
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.. hypothesis of adaptation or cons
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.. Study and review questions 1 Wha
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.. An adaptation may benefit one le
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.. The sd gene gains an advantage f
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.. CHAPTER 11 / The Units of Select
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.. We define Hamilton’s rule Hami
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.. Kin selection is at work in this
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.. Selfish The theories of group se
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.. Box 11.1 Group Selection for Egg
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.. The unit of selection, in a seco
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.. * * The word “gene” is being
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.. Summary 1 Adaptations evolve by
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.. in Sexual Reproduction 12Adaptat
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.. Figure 12.2 Non-reproductive sex
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.. Figure 12.3 Evolution in (a) ase
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.. Asexual reproduction has a spind
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.. . . . as illustrated by a motor
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.. Log fitness of organisms Number
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.. Figure 12.7 Frequency changes of
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.. Genetic cycles in snails are con
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.. Darwin provided comparative evid
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.. . . . which may explain extreme
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.. Theory requires open-ended choic
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.. But selection may have removed h
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.. Courtship bouts Net reproductive
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.. Theory predicts deviations from
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.. CHAPTER 12 / Adaptations in Sexu
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.. Study and review questions 1 Wha
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346 PART 4 / Evolution and Diversit
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17Evolutionary Biogeography B iogeo
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522 PART 5 / Macroevolution looked
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524 PART 5 / Macroevolution Fossili
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526 PART 5 / Macroevolution Era Per
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528 PART 5 / Macroevolution N = N 0
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530 PART 5 / Macroevolution Early l
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532 PART 5 / Macroevolution Cells h
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.. Multicellular life originated ov
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.. Present ~540 Myr ~1,200 Myr Echi
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.. Figure 18.8 The rise of the angi
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.. Figure 18.9 The origin of tetrap
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.. Probainognathus Thrinaxodon Proc
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.. . . . and cynodonts but their te
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.. . . . and sexual dimorphism all
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.. Homo sapiens c. 100,000 years ag
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.. Macroevolution may be due to ext
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.. Summary 1 Fossils are formed whe
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.. Study and review questions 1 Rev
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.. Evolutionary genomics aims to an
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.. Figure 19.1 The history of the h
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.. (a) A (b) 2 1 B C Vertebrate 1 2
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.. Following symbiosis ... . . . ge
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.. X and Y chromosomes evolve apart
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.. Figure 19.5 (a) A chromosomal in
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.. Mice do not show the same patter
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.. Study and review questions 1 (a)
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.. Morphological evolution is drive
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.. Figure 20.2 (a) Evolution by ter
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.. Developmental change can be by h
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.. . . . than might be expected fro
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.. A similar gene works in eye deve
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.. Figure 20.6 History of the Hox g
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.. Changes in arthropod limbs are a
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.. Switching systems may have made
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.. Study and review questions 1 If
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.. Horse teeth are an example of ho
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.. Horse teeth show a representativ
Page 1258: .. Figure 21.2 Possible phylogeny o
Page 1262: .. Figure 21.3 The relation between
Page 1266: .. . . . disappear after the measur
Page 1270: .. Box 21.1 Two Meanings of Gradual
Page 1274: .. Time Punctuated equilibrium extr
Page 1278: .. Time General younging direction
Page 1282: .. Score Change in score per millio
Page 1286: .. Time (Myr) Two species/million y
Page 1290: .. Summary CHAPTER 21 / Rates of Ev
Page 1294: .. 22Coevolution C oevolution happe
Page 1298: .. Figure 22.2 Coevolution means th
Page 1302: .. Pollinator relationships have le
Page 1306: .. (a) Time Character Plant Insect
Page 1312: 622 PART 5 / Macroevolution One stu
Page 1316: 624 PART 5 / Macroevolution Box 22.
Page 1320: 626 PART 5 / Macroevolution Table 2
Page 1324: 628 PART 5 / Macroevolution Nematod
Page 1328: 630 PART 5 / Macroevolution The cop
Page 1332: 632 PART 5 / Macroevolution Figure
Page 1336: 634 PART 5 / Macroevolution Carnivo
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Page 1344: 638 PART 5 / Macroevolution Number
Page 1348: 640 PART 5 / Macroevolution Coevolu
Page 1352: 642 PART 5 / Macroevolution Study a
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646 PART 5 / Macroevolution Extinct
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648 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . b
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Tertiary Lower Danian Cretaceous Up
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652 PART 5 / Macroevolution The ast
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654 PART 5 / Macroevolution 10 6 ye
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656 PART 5 / Macroevolution Extinct
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658 PART 5 / Macroevolution Darwin
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660 PART 5 / Macroevolution (a) Ext
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662 PART 5 / Macroevolution Figure
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664 PART 5 / Macroevolution Hansen
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666 PART 5 / Macroevolution Taxa wi
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668 PART 5 / Macroevolution Fossil
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670 PART 5 / Macroevolution One gro
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672 PART 5 / Macroevolution Molecul
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674 PART 5 / Macroevolution Changes
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676 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . o
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678 PART 5 / Macroevolution Summary
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680 PART 5 / Macroevolution (2002),
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Glossary Words in italics cross-ref
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684 Glossary individuals, such as p
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686 Glossary isolating mechanism An
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688 Glossary random drift Synonym o
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Answers to Study and Review Questio
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692 Answers to Study and Review Que
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700 References Arnold, M.L. (1997).
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702 References Briggs, D.E.G. & Cro
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704 References Clarke, C.A., Sheppa
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706 References Dietl, G.P., Alexand
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708 References Flynn, J.J. & Wyss,
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710 References Grant, P.R. & Grant,
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712 References Hey, J. (2001). Gene
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714 References Jeffreys, A.J., Royl
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716 References Kruuk, L.E.B., Meril
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718 References MacFadden, B.J. (199
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720 References Milinkovitch, M.C.,
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722 References Orr, H.A. (1998). Th
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724 References Rice, W.R. (2002). E
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726 References Sequeira, A.S., Lant
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728 References Surlyk, F. & Johanse
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730 References Vrba, E.S. (1993). T
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732 References Wright, S. (1977). E
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734 Index angiosperms (cont.): inse
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736 Index coloration (cont.): prezy
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738 Index evolution (cont.): long-t
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740 Index genetics (cont.): charact
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742 Index immunoglobulins 24 immuno
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744 Index molecular distance 440-2
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746 Index parasites (cont.): genome
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748 Index reproductive development
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750 Index synonymous changes (cont.
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