Evolution__3rd_Edition

..
Full Contents xix
19.5 Symbiotic mergers, and horizontal gene transfer, between species
influence genome evolution 563
19.6 The X/Y sex chromosomes provide an example of evolutionary
genomic research at the chromosomal level 565
19.7 Genome sequences can be used to study the history of
non-coding DNA 567
19.8 Conclusion 569
Summary Further reading Study and review questions
20. Evolutionary Developmental Biology 572
20.1 Changes in development, and the genes controlling development,
underlie morphological evolution 573
20.2 The theory of recapitulation is a classic idea (largely discredited)
about the relation between development and evolution 573
20.3 Humans may have evolved from ancestral apes by changes in
regulatory genes 578
20.4 Many genes that regulate development have been identified recently 579
20.5 Modern developmental genetic discoveries have challenged and
clarified the meaning of homology 580
20.6 The Hox gene complex has expanded at two points in the evolution
of animals 582
20.7 Changes in the embryonic expression of genes are associated with
evolutionary changes in morphology 583
20.8 Evolution of genetic switches enables evolutionary innovation,
making the system more “evolvable” 585
20.9 Conclusion 587
Summary Further reading Study and review questions
21. Rates of Evolution 590
21.1 Rates of evolution can be expressed in “darwins,” as illustrated by a
study of horse evolution 591
21.1.1 How do population genetic, and fossil, evolutionary
rates compare? 593
21.1.2 Rates of evolution observed in the short term can explain
speciation over longer time periods in Darwin’s finches 595
21.2 Why do evolutionary rates vary? 596
21.3 The theory of punctuated equilibrium applies the theory of allopatric
speciation to predict the pattern of change in the fossil record 599
21.4 What is the evidence for punctuated equilibrium and for phyletic
gradualism? 602
21.4.1 A satisfactory test requires a complete stratigraphic record
and biometrical evidence 602
21.4.2 Caribbean bryozoans from the Upper Miocene and Lower
Pliocene show a punctuated equilibrial pattern of evolution 603