Evolution__3rd_Edition

520 PART 4 / Evolution and Diversity
Study and review questions
1 Review the geographic terms Boreal, Nearctic,
Palearctic, Holarctic, and Neotropical.
2 Calculate the indexes of similarity between areas 1
and 2:
Number of Number of Number of
species in species in species common Index of
area 1 area 2 to areas 1 and 2 similarity
10 15 5
15 10 5
10 10 5
5 15 5
3 Turn to the phylogeny of Figure 15.27 (p. 465). How
many dispersal events does it imply from younger to
older, and from older to younger, islands? (The ancestral
species are numbers 1 and 2 at the top left; the oldest
island is at the left, the youngest at the right. The species
can be treated as four “columns” inhabiting the islands
of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii, respectively: the
small deviations to the right and left on the page are
biogeographically insignificant.) You could draw the
dispersal events on the map at the bottom. What
relevance does the answer have for vicariance and
dispersalist theories of area cladograms?
4 Using the same phylogeny (Figure 15.27), draw an
area cladogram in the form of Figure 17.10 for fruitfly
species 1–15.
5 Here are the geographic areas occupied by the species
of two taxa:
Area A B C D
Species in taxon 1 1 2 3 4
Species in taxon 2 5 6 7 8
Here are three (rooted) phylogenies for the two taxa.
Which pairs of area cladograms are congruent, and
which not?
(a) Taxon 1 (b) Taxon 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(c) (d)
2 9 1 3 4
5 6 7 8
(e) (f)
4 9 3 2 1 8 7 6 5
6 What are the main hypotheses to explain the
proliferation of North American mammals in South
America after the formation of the Isthmus of Panama?
..