Evolution__3rd_Edition

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748 Index reproductive development 575, 576, 577 reproductive fitness 287–8 reproductive isolation 53, 357, 688 divergence 489 in allopatric populations 383–4, 385, 386–9 genes causing 415–17 geographically distant population crossing 387–9 pleiotropy 386–7 reinforcement by natural selection 399–401 separately evolving populations 384, 385, 386 species 53, 382 see also postzygotic isolation; prezygotic isolation reproductive success 86 sex ratios 338 variation 85–7 see also fitness reptiles 65–6, 542 ancestral homologies 432 biogeography 494 classification 476 intermediates in fossil record 55 jaw 544, 545 mammal origins 544, 545, 551 origin 542 phylogenetic relations 482 with birds 426, 427 respiration, aerobic 533 restriction enzymes 84 restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) 84 reverse transcriptase 31, 45, 46, 75–6 Rhagoletis pomonella (tephritid fly) 412, 413 rheas 9 Rhizosolenia (diatom) 64 rhodopsin 24 ribonucleic acid see RNA ribosomal protein S14 (rps 14) 563 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 25, 688 genes in mitochondria 450, 451 ribozyme 530 Richards, O.W. 17 ring species 50–3, 349–50, Plate 1 definition 688 reproductive isolation 388–9 RNA 25, 688 origin 530 RNA polymerases 530 RNA viruses 31, 32, 455 mutation rate 530 RNA world 530 Robson, G.C. 17 rocks absolute dates 658 oldest known 530 rodents 513 roots 539 rotifers bdelloid 319, 372 monogont 372 rudimentary stages 262–3 ruminants, lysozyme 186–7 runaway process 329–30, 331, 332–4 salamander see Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl); Ensatina (salamander); Plethodon (salamander) salmon 76, 78 tail shape 574 salsify 405 Scarus (fish) 577, 578 Scheelea palm 273–4 Sclater, Philip Lutley 494 Sdic gene 211–12 sea cow, Steller’s 646 sea level change 654–5 sedge seeds 80–1 sedimentary rocks fossils 524–5 record quality and extinction rate 657–8, 659–60 seed feeding beak size of finches 223–5, 240–1 size distribution 248 seed plants 539 seedcracker, black-bellied see Pyrenestes ostrinus (African finch) segregation 34 distortion 294–5, 305–6 independent 37 segregation disorder gene 294–5 segregational load 162–3 selection see kin selection; natural selection; sexual selection; species, selection selection coefficient 104, 106, 110 DDT-susceptible mosquitoes 116 frequency distribution 156–7 negative 157 selectionist theories 157, 158, 159, 688 protein evolution 178 selection–mutation equilibrium 249 selective constraint 187–9 selective neutrality 138 selective sweep 210–12, 213, 688 self-fertilization 147–8, 149 The Selfish Gene (Dawkins) 307 selfish traits 298, 302 separate creation see creationism Sepkoski, J.J. 648, 649, 674, 675–6 sequence evolution model 443, 444, 445 cophylogenies 619–20 sex mutational theory 320–1 non-reproductive 314–15 sex chromosomes 33, 688 sex ratio 337–41 bias 338, 339–41 effective population size 152 sexual characters costly 329–35 deleterious 327–8 primary/secondary 328 sexual dimorphism mating systems 271–2 polygyny 329 primates 546–7 sexual reproduction adaptations 314–43 coevolution of parasite/host 323–5, 326, 327 costs 314–15 deleterious mutation reduction 320–3 evolution rate 316–18 female choice 329–35 group selection 318–20 mutation rate 316–18 short-term advantages 320–5, 326, 327 sexual selection 688 female choice 328–9 male competition 328–9 mating preference 358 runaway process 330, 331 speciation 413–15 theory of 327–37 shared specific mate recognition system (SMRS) 352 shark, Port Jackson 167 Sheldon, P.R. 605 shells defence adaptations 635–6 fossil larval morphological regions 661 repair 635 shape analysis 277–9, 577 thickness 634 shifting balance theory 216–19, 267 Shigella, genome reduction 562 short interspersed elements (SINEs) 567 sibling species 368, 375 sickle cell anemia fitness estimation 120, 126 global incidence 124–5 heterozygous advantage 124–7 ..
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.. EVOLUTION
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© 2004 by Blackwell Science Ltd a
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vi Brief Contents PART 5. MACROEVOL
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viii Full Contents 3.5 Ring “spec
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x Full Contents 7.2 Rates of molecu
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xii Full Contents 10.5 Genetics of
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xiv Full Contents PART 4. EVOLUTION
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xvi Full Contents 14.12 Identificat
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xviii Full Contents 17.7 Geographic
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xx Full Contents 21.4.3 Ordovician
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Preface The theory of evolution is
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xxiv Preface evolve resistance to d
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.. Introduction Part one When Darwi
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4 PART 1 / Introduction Evolution i
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6 PART 1 / Introduction Examples ex
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8 PART 1 / Introduction Time (a) (b
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10 PART 1 / Introduction . . . look
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12 PART 1 / Introduction Time (a) (
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14 PART 1 / Introduction Figure 1.7
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18 PART 1 / Introduction . . . and
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20 PART 1 / Introduction Further re
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22 PART 1 / Introduction DNA is car
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24 PART 1 / Introduction Most genes
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26 PART 1 / Introduction Table 2.1
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28 PART 1 / Introduction Original D
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30 PART 1 / Introduction (a) Transp
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32 PART 1 / Introduction . . . per
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34 PART 1 / Introduction Dominance
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Figure 2.11 Two populations with 10
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42 PART 1 / Introduction Study and
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44 PART 1 / Introduction Life could
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48 PART 1 / Introduction Tooth qual
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50 PART 1 / Introduction Artificial
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52 PART 1 / Introduction Ring speci
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54 PART 1 / Introduction Human obse
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58 PART 1 / Introduction 5' pG Anti
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62 PART 1 / Introduction (a) α-hem
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64 PART 1 / Introduction Age (Myr a
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66 PART 1 / Introduction The groups
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68 PART 1 / Introduction The scient
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70 PART 1 / Introduction Study and
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Plate 3 Here in the lower row are s
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Plate 6 Scrub jays (Aphelocoma coer
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Plate 8 Chromosomal races of the ho
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Plate 10 Geological map of North Am
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72 PART 1 / Introduction Cod produc
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74 PART 1 / Introduction The strugg
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76 PART 1 / Introduction Many chara
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82 PART 1 / Introduction Chromosome
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86 PART 1 / Introduction The condit
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90 PART 1 / Introduction Summary 1
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.. Evolutionary Genetics Part two T
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.. 5 The Theory of Natural Selectio
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.. Figure 5.1 The general model of
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.. . . . and use Mendel’s rules t
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.. A simpler proof of the Hardy- We
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.. The MN human blood group system
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.. CHAPTER 5 / The Theory of Natura
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.. We need to know more to understa
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.. Figure 5.4 Peppered moths natura
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.. Mark-recapture experiments sugge
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.. Manchester The fitness estimates
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.. Pests, such as mosquitoes, evolv
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.. Figure 5.8 The mortality of mosq
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.. Box 5.2 Resistance Management Th
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.. Other factors will be at work in
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.. . . . which can sometimes be use
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.. Figure 5.9 The global incidence
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.. In host-parasite relations, the
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.. Populations may be subdivided CH
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.. We construct a model of gene fre
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.. We construct a model of selectio
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.. Further reading CHAPTER 5 / The
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.. 6 Random Events in Population Ge
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.. Box 6.1 Random Sampling in Genet
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.. Probability of polymorphism 1.0
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.. Evolution can occur by random dr
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.. Random drift has consequences fo
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.. Generation 1 Generation2 Adults
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.. CHAPTER 6 / Random Events in Pop
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.. Heterozygosity ( H ) 1.0 0.9 0.8
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.. Summary 1 In a small population,
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.. 7 Natural Selection and Random D
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.. Two extreme views b selectionist
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.. The original neutral theory has
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.. . . . and levels of polymorphism
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.. homozygotes by normal Mendelian
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.. Amino acid differences 1.0 0.9 0
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.. Globin evolution in “living fo
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.. Long-generation species, e.g., w
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.. Observed heterozygosity 1.0 0.8
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.. The nearly neutral theory can ex
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.. Insulin illustrates the effect o
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.. CHAPTER 7 / Natural Selection an
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.. Biologists came to accept, throu
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.. Elevated dN/dS ratios are observ
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.. Box 7.4 Model Organisms for Biom
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.. But the test has proved illumina
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.. Evidence shows that synonymous c
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.. The genomic era is allowing new
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.. Summary 1 The neutral theory of
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.. Study and review questions 1 Dra
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.. The tiger swallowtail butterfly
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.. Mimicry requires the correct com
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.. A haplotype is a haploid combina
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.. Linkage disequilibrium ( D) r =
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.. The more complex multilocus mode
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.. Expected frequency ( piqi ) (a)
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.. A model of haplotype frequency c
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.. Evidence for linkage disequilibr
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.. (proportion of polymorphic sites
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.. CHAPTER 8 / Two-locus and Multil
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.. Adaptive topographies can be use
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.. Mean population fitness ( w ) -
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.. p' 0 1 0 Frequency of A allele S
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.. Study and review questions 1 Her
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.. Beak size influences feeding eff
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.. Population size Seed √depth ×
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.. Continuous characters are influe
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.. Genetic and environmental influe
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.. Several non-additive genetic fac
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.. Box 9.1 Some Statistical Terms U
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.. Parent-offspring similarity depe
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.. Frequency Frequency Generation 1
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.. New variation can be introduced
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.. (a) 1976-1977 (b) 1981-1982 (c)
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.. Figure 9.11 (a) The main veins i
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.. Certain non-linear relations can
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.. Behavior Physiology Life history
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.. Some heritable characters do not
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.. Further reading CHAPTER 9 / Quan
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.. Adaptation and Natural Selection
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.. 10Adaptive Explanation T his cha
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.. . . . factually, ... . . . or th
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.. Not all evolution is adaptive CH
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.. Figure 10.2 Stages in the evolut
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.. Some critics suggest that the in
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.. Box 10.1 Molecular Cooption The
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.. Fitness (a) (b) Small mutation L
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.. Figure 10.5 A cross between the
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.. . . . by experiment, ... . . . a
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.. Figure 10.6 The fruits of (a) Cr
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.. Heterozygous advantage may lead
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.. Figure 10.7 Developmental asymme
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.. . . . that can be tested between
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.. Fitness (a) Time 1 (b) Time 2 (c
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.. Fitness Fitness (a) Time 1 (c) T
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.. Imperfect adaptations may or may
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.. The “design” of an eye for s
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.. hypothesis of adaptation or cons
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.. Study and review questions 1 Wha
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.. An adaptation may benefit one le
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.. The sd gene gains an advantage f
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.. CHAPTER 11 / The Units of Select
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.. We define Hamilton’s rule Hami
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.. Kin selection is at work in this
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.. Selfish The theories of group se
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.. Box 11.1 Group Selection for Egg
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.. The unit of selection, in a seco
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.. * * The word “gene” is being
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.. Summary 1 Adaptations evolve by
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.. in Sexual Reproduction 12Adaptat
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.. Figure 12.2 Non-reproductive sex
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.. Figure 12.3 Evolution in (a) ase
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.. Asexual reproduction has a spind
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.. . . . as illustrated by a motor
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.. Log fitness of organisms Number
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.. Figure 12.7 Frequency changes of
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.. Genetic cycles in snails are con
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.. Darwin provided comparative evid
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.. . . . which may explain extreme
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.. Theory requires open-ended choic
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.. But selection may have removed h
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.. Courtship bouts Net reproductive
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.. Theory predicts deviations from
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.. CHAPTER 12 / Adaptations in Sexu
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.. Study and review questions 1 Wha
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346 PART 4 / Evolution and Diversit
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17Evolutionary Biogeography B iogeo
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522 PART 5 / Macroevolution looked
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524 PART 5 / Macroevolution Fossili
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526 PART 5 / Macroevolution Era Per
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528 PART 5 / Macroevolution N = N 0
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530 PART 5 / Macroevolution Early l
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532 PART 5 / Macroevolution Cells h
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.. Multicellular life originated ov
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.. Present ~540 Myr ~1,200 Myr Echi
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.. Figure 18.8 The rise of the angi
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.. Figure 18.9 The origin of tetrap
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.. Probainognathus Thrinaxodon Proc
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.. . . . and cynodonts but their te
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.. . . . and sexual dimorphism all
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.. Homo sapiens c. 100,000 years ag
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.. Macroevolution may be due to ext
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.. Summary 1 Fossils are formed whe
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.. Study and review questions 1 Rev
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.. Evolutionary genomics aims to an
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.. Figure 19.1 The history of the h
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.. (a) A (b) 2 1 B C Vertebrate 1 2
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.. Following symbiosis ... . . . ge
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.. X and Y chromosomes evolve apart
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.. Figure 19.5 (a) A chromosomal in
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.. Mice do not show the same patter
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.. Study and review questions 1 (a)
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.. Morphological evolution is drive
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.. Figure 20.2 (a) Evolution by ter
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.. Developmental change can be by h
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.. . . . than might be expected fro
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.. A similar gene works in eye deve
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.. Figure 20.6 History of the Hox g
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.. Changes in arthropod limbs are a
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.. Switching systems may have made
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.. Study and review questions 1 If
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.. Horse teeth are an example of ho
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.. Horse teeth show a representativ
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.. Figure 21.2 Possible phylogeny o
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.. Figure 21.3 The relation between
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.. . . . disappear after the measur
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.. Box 21.1 Two Meanings of Gradual
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.. Time Punctuated equilibrium extr
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.. Time General younging direction
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.. Score Change in score per millio
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.. Time (Myr) Two species/million y
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.. Summary CHAPTER 21 / Rates of Ev
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.. 22Coevolution C oevolution happe
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.. Figure 22.2 Coevolution means th
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.. Pollinator relationships have le
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.. (a) Time Character Plant Insect
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.. (a) Plant ( Bursera ) sarukhanii
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.. Abiotic pollination Biotic polli
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.. Myxomatosis reduced rabbit popul
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.. Virulence depends on ... . . . t
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.. lower Virulence higher 1.1 1.0 0
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.. . . . is probably due to cospeci
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.. Brain size . . . are used to mea
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.. Incidence of repair 0.6 0.5 0.4
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.. Taxonomic survivorship curves ar
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.. . . . or a static equilibrium ..
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.. present. Biotic pollination, in
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.. 23Extinction and Radiation T his
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.. Figure 23.1 (a) The number of fa
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.. Box 23.1 Pseudoextinction Specie
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.. Figure 23.2 The observed extinct
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.. Position (m) 300 340 330 KT 0 10
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.. The fossil evidence can be teste
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.. Several factors may work interac
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.. Several models could explain why
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.. Box 23.2 Changes in Extinction R
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.. Molluskan larval types can be in
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.. (a) (b) Planktotrophic larvae No
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.. Figure 23.10 Species selection b
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.. CHAPTER 23 / Extinction and Radi
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.. Taxonomic replacements can be co
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.. Mammals proliferated in the earl
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.. Time (a) Observed incompleteness
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.. Number of families Number of fam
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.. Early research established the m
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.. 8 If natural selection favors on
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.. Study and review questions 1 Why
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.. Biogenetic law The name given by
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.. genetic load A reduction in the
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.. phenetic classification using la
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.. stabilizing selection Selection
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.. first terrestrial tetrapods; and
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.. photosynthesis a probably evolve
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.. Chapter 15 1. 2. A B C D E C A B
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.. 2. The eyes of insects and verte
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.. References Abouheif, E., Akam, M
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.. References 701 Bell, G. (1997a).
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.. References 703 Byers, J.A. (1997
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.. References 705 Cronin, T.M. & Sc
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.. References 707 Eldredge, N. & Go
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.. References 709 Gingerich, P.D. (
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.. References 711 Hamilton, W.D. (1
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.. References 713 Huelsenbeck, J.P.
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.. References 715 King, M-C. & Wils
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.. References 717 Lens, L., van Don
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.. References 719 Maynard Smith, J.
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.. References 721 Nielsen, R. (2001
Page 1514: .. References 723 Philippe, H. & Fo
Page 1518: .. References 725 Runnegar, B. (200
Page 1522: .. References 727 Singer, R. (ed.)
Page 1526: .. References 729 True, J.R., Weir,
Page 1530: .. References 731 Wiley, E.O. (1988
Page 1534: .. Index Note: page numbers in ital
Page 1538: .. see also Battus philenor (pipevi
Page 1542: .. deletion 562 diversity 161 homop
Page 1546: .. Cambrian 535-8 eutherian mammals
Page 1550: .. parent-offspring regressional sl
Page 1554: .. lungfish 540 evolutionary rate 6
Page 1558: .. linkage disequilibrium 207, 309
Page 1562: .. multiple niche 128, 248 natural
Page 1568: 750 Index synonymous changes (cont.
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