Evolution__3rd_Edition

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Cambrian 535–8
eutherian mammals 672
evolutionary rate 593–4
evolutionary relationships 65–6
evolutionary trends 257–8
extinctions 646, 647, 648
faunal types 649
feathers 264
human ancestors 547–50
incompleteness 673
intermediates 55
mammals 672–4
mass extinctions 648–9, 650, 651
pattern of change prediction 599–602
phylogenies 435–6
speciation 599–600
stratigraphic record 602
transitional forms 599–600
fossil species 44
classification 473
persistence 277
founder effect 140, 684
founder events 140, 141
fox see Vulpes (fox)
frequency dependence 127–9
fruit, evolutionary genomics 624
fruitfly see Drosophila (fruitfly)
fruits
adaptations to herbivore population
changes 272–4
dispersal agents 272–4
fungi 22
Gadus callarias (Atlantic cod) 72
galactosyl transferase 265
Galápagos archipelago 596
Galápagos finches see Geospiza (Galápagos
finches)
Galeopsis tetrahit (herb) 53–4, 405
gametes 684
pool 147
random sampling 139
random union 101
types 147
gametic isolation 356–7
Gasterosteus aculeatus (three-spined
stickleback) 664, 666
Gegenbauer, Carl 11–12
Gehring, Walter 580, 581
gel electrophoresis 83, 156
gene flow
genetic type merging 401
prevention 383
selection and species effects 369–70, 371,
372–3
gene frequency 96–7, 100, 103–4, 105, 106,
107, 684
adaptation 307
changes 107, 109–10, 309–10
convergence by gene flow 132
hitch-hiking 308–9
unification by migration 130–1
gene pool 18, 684
gene tree 457–8, 458
Alu sequences in DNA 568
2R hypothesis 561
gene–environment correlation 231, 234
genera 48, 377
North and South America 514
generalized tracks 510
generations
length 174
time 170
genes 23–5
alternative splicing 559
“bad” 331–2
causing reproductive isolation 415–17
coalescent 144
composite 266
definitions 684
of Dawkins 309
of Williams 308, 309
deletions 559–61
development control 573, 579–80
duplications 393, 457, 559–61, 684
embryonic expression changes 583–5
evolution rate 175–6
expression regulation 24
“good” 331–2
high use 188
homeobox 416
homology 457–8, 559
horizontal transfer 455, 456, 563–5
house-keeping 176, 558
human 558–9
inheritance 34–5, 36, 37
jumping 29, 567
loss 393, 561–3
low use 188
mitochondrial 563, 564
modifier 276
multilocus system 203–4
nucleotide frequency 157
numbers of 226–8
orthologous 457–8
paralogous 457–8, 459, 460
phenotype 33–4
recessive 106, 688
recombination 36, 401–2
shared 234
Index 739
speciation 415–17
species concept 352
stages of rearrangement by inversion 566–7
substitution 142–4
as units of selection 307–10
see also Hox genes
The Genesis of Species (Mivart) 13, 263
genetic changes in reproductive isolation 393
genetic code 25–6, 684
language 59
universal 57, 59, 66
genetic constraints 274–5
genetic divergence
speciation 388–9
species 365
genetic diversity reduction 210–12, 213
genetic drift 12, 138–40, 684
absence for Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium
145
adaptation 258
adaptive 218
gene substitution 142–4
genetic variation 163
geographic variation 360–2
homozygosity 150
linkage disequilibrium 205–6
molecular evolution 156–9, 162, 175, 189
mutations 172
neutral 157–8, 165, 686
DNA 177–8
over time 145–50
polymorphism 156, 163
synonymous changes 181–2
valley crossing 394–5
genetic incompatibility 373–4
genetic loads 162–3, 685
genetic locus 33, 35, 37
natural selection 104–8
genetic mismatch 374
genetic quality 335
genetic switches 585–7
genetic variants 156
genetic variation 170, 232
heterozygosity 170, 171
indices 161
measurement 159–61, 162–3
random drift 163
stabilizing selection 246–9
The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection
(Fisher) 15
genetics
ecological 16, 684
Mendelian 14–15
population 18
quantitative 223–50