Evolution__3rd_Edition

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Study and review questions
1 Here is an unrooted tree for five species: draw all the
rooted trees that are compatible with it.
A
B
CHAPTER 15 / The Reconstruction of Phylogeny 469
Ting et al. (2000) avoid one confusion between gene and species trees in an interesting
way. They use the “speciation” gene Odysseus, which we met in Section 14.12. It
should be invulnerable to the lineage sorting problem, if it caused speciation, making it
a reliable indicator of phylogeny.
Many authors discuss the relation between molecular and morphological (or fossil)
inferences. Benton (2001) measures congruence between stratigraphic and phylogenetic
estimates of taxonomic times of origin, and finds that the congruence is as good
for ancient branchings as for more recent branchings. Kemp (1999) discusses the general
topic, as well as methods for combining different classes of evidence. Novacek (2001)
discusses combinations of evidence for the special case of mammals. For human evolution,
Lewin (2003) is an introductory book, and Klein (1999) a more advanced text.
On Hawaiian fruitflies, see the special issue of Trends in Ecology and Evolution
(1987), vol. 2, pp. 175–228, and the book edited by Wagner & Funk (1995). And on
flies in particular, see Powell (1997), Carson (1990), and Kaneshiro (1988).
The remarks I make about historic trends in the use of the various inference techniques
could usefully be supplemented by Edwards (1996) and Felsenstein (2001).
Chapter 18 in this text looks at some examples of phylogenetic problems; see the
references there too. The general topic can be followed in journals such as Systematic
Biology and Molecular Biology and Evolution, as well as Trends in Ecology and Evolution,
Trends in Genetics, and Bioessays.
A further theme is how a knowledge of phylogenies can be put to use in evolutionary
biology. This is illustrated at various points in this text, but see the book edited by
Harvey et al. (1996) and the review by Pagel (1999) in general, and the special issue of
Paleobiology (2001), vol. 27 (2), pp. 187–310 for fossils in particular.
C
D
E
2 Here is a rooted tree: draw all the unrooted trees that
are compatible with it.
A B C D E