Evolution__3rd_Edition

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734 Index angiosperms (cont.): insect pollination 617 phylogeny 459, 461, 539–40 pollination 622, 623 Angraecum sesquipedale (orchid) 617 Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behaviour (Wynne-Edwards) 301 animal kingdom, branches 8 Animal Species and <strong>Evolution</strong> (Mayr) 360 ankylosing spondylitis 203 Anolis (lizard) 502–3 Anopheles culicifacies (mosquito) 115, 116 ant see Formica fusca (ant) apes, great 461, 462 human evolution 546–7, 578–9 see also Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) Apex Chart (Western Australia) 530 Aphelcoma coerulescens (Florida scrub jay) 299–301, Plate 6 Aquila chrysaetos (golden eagle) 348–9 Arabidopsis (thale cress) 560, 624 Archaea 22, 455, 459, 532 gene transfer to bacteria 564 Archaeopteryx 55 Archaeothyris (pelycosaur) 544 area cladogram 506, 508, 509–10, 682 marsupial mammals 510–11 osteoglossine fish 511 Argyropelecus olfersi (fish) 578 arthropods leg development 585 molting 276–7 quantum growth method 276–7 artificial selection 50, 682 character heritability 236–40 evolutionary rate 598 experiments 47–8 flour beetles 304 genotype–phenotype relation 245 Asclepias (milkweed) 618–19 asexual reproduction 314, 315–16, 682 mutation rate 317–18 phenetic clusters 372 phylogenetic tree 318–19 asteroid collision with Earth 651–2, 653, 655, 656, 657 atomistic theory of heredity 39, 682 Atractomorpha australis (grasshopper) 83 Australia, Huntington’s disease 142 Australopithecus 547–8 autosomes 33, 682 average neighbor technique 477, 478 axolotl 575–6 B chromosomes 83 baboon, viral infection 631–2 bacteria 22, 455, 459, 532 absence of sex 323 asexual reproduction 372–3 gene transfer to Archaea 564 genome size 563 linkage disequilibrium 209 mutation rate 32 population genetics 372 symbiotic mergers 563 bacteriophage adaptation 269 balance argument 319–20 barnacles 430, 473, 474 Basilosaurus 60 Bateson, William 13 bats, wings 55, 581 Battus philenor (pipevine swallowtail butterfly) 195 Beagle voyages 9, 513 beak shape 270, 386 rate of evolution 595–6, 597–8 beak size 80–1, 223–5, 270, Plate 4 ecological species concept 354 environmental effects 228 genetic variation 248 genotype 226, 228–9 heritability 236, 240 influences 227 phenotype 228–9 pleiotropy 386 Becerra, J.X. 620, 621 beech see Fagus (beech) beetle Colorado potato 117 see also Tetraopes (beetle); Tribolium castaneum (flour beetle) Benton, M.J. 675–6 Bergman’s rule 360 Bilateria 535–6, 580n Hox gene expansion 582, 583 biogenetic law 12, 683 biogeography congruence 509–10 geographic distribution of species 493–4, 495 climate 497–500, 501 dispersal 496–7 limitations 496 vicariance events 505–12 homologous similarity 61 island 515 reinforcement in speciation 402–5 vicariance 505–12 biological species 352–3, 375, 377, 683 biometricians 14 bipedality 546, 550 birds 65–6 amniotic egg 542 ancestral homologies 432 helpers at nest 299–301, 339–40 intermediates in fossil record 55 mobbing 299 phylogenetic relations with reptiles 426, 427 predation of peppered moth 108, 112–14 sexual selection 329 tail length of males 328, 329, 330–1, 332–4 vertebrae 584, 585–6 wings 55, 581 rate of evolution 165 see also beak shape; beak size birth, humans 546 birthweight, humans 76–7, 78, 80 Biston betularia (peppered moth) 16, 81, 108–14 bird predation 108, 112–14 camouflage 270 fitness estimates 113, 119–20 industrial melanism 112, 113, 114 melanic genotype inherent advantage 114 migration 113–14 blending theories of heredity 38, 40, 103 blood groups, MN system 102–3, 132 blowfly, Australian sheep 276 blue-green algae 607–8 body coloration 288 body size adaptive 276–7 increased 87 natural selection 76–7, 78, 79, 80 selective fishing 79, 240 brachiopods, mass extinction 650 brain size 279, 287, 516 humans 546, 550 primates 546 vertebrate species 632–4 breeding groups, small 152 Brundin, L. 505–6, 507 Bryophyta 538 Bryozoa Caribbean 603–4 competitive replacement 670–1 diversity 676 Buchnera (bacterium) 562 Bursera (tree) 620, 621 butterflies camouflage/color patterns 271 eyespot development on wings 586 ..
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.. EVOLUTION
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© 2004 by Blackwell Science Ltd a
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vi Brief Contents PART 5. MACROEVOL
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viii Full Contents 3.5 Ring “spec
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x Full Contents 7.2 Rates of molecu
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xii Full Contents 10.5 Genetics of
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xiv Full Contents PART 4. EVOLUTION
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xvi Full Contents 14.12 Identificat
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xviii Full Contents 17.7 Geographic
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xx Full Contents 21.4.3 Ordovician
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Preface The theory of evolution is
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xxiv Preface evolve resistance to d
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.. Introduction Part one When Darwi
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4 PART 1 / Introduction Evolution i
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6 PART 1 / Introduction Examples ex
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8 PART 1 / Introduction Time (a) (b
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10 PART 1 / Introduction . . . look
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12 PART 1 / Introduction Time (a) (
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14 PART 1 / Introduction Figure 1.7
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18 PART 1 / Introduction . . . and
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20 PART 1 / Introduction Further re
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22 PART 1 / Introduction DNA is car
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24 PART 1 / Introduction Most genes
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26 PART 1 / Introduction Table 2.1
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28 PART 1 / Introduction Original D
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30 PART 1 / Introduction (a) Transp
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32 PART 1 / Introduction . . . per
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34 PART 1 / Introduction Dominance
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Figure 2.11 Two populations with 10
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42 PART 1 / Introduction Study and
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44 PART 1 / Introduction Life could
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48 PART 1 / Introduction Tooth qual
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50 PART 1 / Introduction Artificial
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52 PART 1 / Introduction Ring speci
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54 PART 1 / Introduction Human obse
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58 PART 1 / Introduction 5' pG Anti
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62 PART 1 / Introduction (a) α-hem
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64 PART 1 / Introduction Age (Myr a
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66 PART 1 / Introduction The groups
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68 PART 1 / Introduction The scient
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70 PART 1 / Introduction Study and
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Plate 3 Here in the lower row are s
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Plate 6 Scrub jays (Aphelocoma coer
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Plate 8 Chromosomal races of the ho
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Plate 10 Geological map of North Am
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72 PART 1 / Introduction Cod produc
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74 PART 1 / Introduction The strugg
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76 PART 1 / Introduction Many chara
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82 PART 1 / Introduction Chromosome
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86 PART 1 / Introduction The condit
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90 PART 1 / Introduction Summary 1
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.. Evolutionary Genetics Part two T
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.. 5 The Theory of Natural Selectio
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.. Figure 5.1 The general model of
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.. . . . and use Mendel’s rules t
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.. A simpler proof of the Hardy- We
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.. The MN human blood group system
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.. CHAPTER 5 / The Theory of Natura
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.. We need to know more to understa
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.. Figure 5.4 Peppered moths natura
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.. Mark-recapture experiments sugge
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.. Manchester The fitness estimates
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.. Pests, such as mosquitoes, evolv
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.. Figure 5.8 The mortality of mosq
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.. Box 5.2 Resistance Management Th
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.. Other factors will be at work in
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.. . . . which can sometimes be use
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.. Figure 5.9 The global incidence
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.. In host-parasite relations, the
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.. Populations may be subdivided CH
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.. We construct a model of gene fre
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.. We construct a model of selectio
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.. Further reading CHAPTER 5 / The
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.. 6 Random Events in Population Ge
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.. Box 6.1 Random Sampling in Genet
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.. Probability of polymorphism 1.0
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.. Evolution can occur by random dr
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.. Random drift has consequences fo
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.. Generation 1 Generation2 Adults
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.. CHAPTER 6 / Random Events in Pop
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.. Heterozygosity ( H ) 1.0 0.9 0.8
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.. Summary 1 In a small population,
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.. 7 Natural Selection and Random D
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.. Two extreme views b selectionist
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.. The original neutral theory has
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.. . . . and levels of polymorphism
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.. homozygotes by normal Mendelian
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.. Amino acid differences 1.0 0.9 0
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.. Globin evolution in “living fo
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.. Long-generation species, e.g., w
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.. Observed heterozygosity 1.0 0.8
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.. The nearly neutral theory can ex
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.. Insulin illustrates the effect o
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.. CHAPTER 7 / Natural Selection an
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.. Biologists came to accept, throu
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.. Elevated dN/dS ratios are observ
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.. Box 7.4 Model Organisms for Biom
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.. But the test has proved illumina
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.. Evidence shows that synonymous c
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.. The genomic era is allowing new
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.. Summary 1 The neutral theory of
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.. Study and review questions 1 Dra
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.. The tiger swallowtail butterfly
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.. Mimicry requires the correct com
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.. A haplotype is a haploid combina
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.. Linkage disequilibrium ( D) r =
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.. The more complex multilocus mode
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.. Expected frequency ( piqi ) (a)
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.. A model of haplotype frequency c
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.. Evidence for linkage disequilibr
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.. (proportion of polymorphic sites
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.. CHAPTER 8 / Two-locus and Multil
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.. Adaptive topographies can be use
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.. Mean population fitness ( w ) -
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.. p' 0 1 0 Frequency of A allele S
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.. Study and review questions 1 Her
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.. Beak size influences feeding eff
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.. Population size Seed √depth ×
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.. Continuous characters are influe
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.. Genetic and environmental influe
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.. Several non-additive genetic fac
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.. Box 9.1 Some Statistical Terms U
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.. Parent-offspring similarity depe
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.. Frequency Frequency Generation 1
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.. New variation can be introduced
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.. (a) 1976-1977 (b) 1981-1982 (c)
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.. Figure 9.11 (a) The main veins i
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.. Certain non-linear relations can
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.. Behavior Physiology Life history
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.. Some heritable characters do not
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.. Further reading CHAPTER 9 / Quan
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.. Adaptation and Natural Selection
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.. 10Adaptive Explanation T his cha
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.. . . . factually, ... . . . or th
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.. Not all evolution is adaptive CH
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.. Figure 10.2 Stages in the evolut
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.. Some critics suggest that the in
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.. Box 10.1 Molecular Cooption The
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.. Fitness (a) (b) Small mutation L
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.. Figure 10.5 A cross between the
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.. . . . by experiment, ... . . . a
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.. Figure 10.6 The fruits of (a) Cr
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.. Heterozygous advantage may lead
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.. Figure 10.7 Developmental asymme
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.. . . . that can be tested between
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.. Fitness (a) Time 1 (b) Time 2 (c
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.. Fitness Fitness (a) Time 1 (c) T
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.. Imperfect adaptations may or may
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.. The “design” of an eye for s
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.. hypothesis of adaptation or cons
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.. Study and review questions 1 Wha
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.. An adaptation may benefit one le
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.. The sd gene gains an advantage f
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.. CHAPTER 11 / The Units of Select
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.. We define Hamilton’s rule Hami
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.. Kin selection is at work in this
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.. Selfish The theories of group se
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.. Box 11.1 Group Selection for Egg
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.. The unit of selection, in a seco
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.. * * The word “gene” is being
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.. Summary 1 Adaptations evolve by
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.. in Sexual Reproduction 12Adaptat
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.. Figure 12.2 Non-reproductive sex
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.. Figure 12.3 Evolution in (a) ase
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.. Asexual reproduction has a spind
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.. . . . as illustrated by a motor
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.. Log fitness of organisms Number
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.. Figure 12.7 Frequency changes of
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.. Genetic cycles in snails are con
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.. Darwin provided comparative evid
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.. . . . which may explain extreme
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.. Theory requires open-ended choic
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.. But selection may have removed h
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.. Courtship bouts Net reproductive
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.. Theory predicts deviations from
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.. CHAPTER 12 / Adaptations in Sexu
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.. Study and review questions 1 Wha
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346 PART 4 / Evolution and Diversit
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17Evolutionary Biogeography B iogeo
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522 PART 5 / Macroevolution looked
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524 PART 5 / Macroevolution Fossili
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526 PART 5 / Macroevolution Era Per
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528 PART 5 / Macroevolution N = N 0
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530 PART 5 / Macroevolution Early l
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532 PART 5 / Macroevolution Cells h
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.. Multicellular life originated ov
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.. Present ~540 Myr ~1,200 Myr Echi
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.. Figure 18.8 The rise of the angi
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.. Figure 18.9 The origin of tetrap
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.. Probainognathus Thrinaxodon Proc
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.. . . . and cynodonts but their te
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.. . . . and sexual dimorphism all
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.. Homo sapiens c. 100,000 years ag
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.. Macroevolution may be due to ext
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.. Summary 1 Fossils are formed whe
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.. Study and review questions 1 Rev
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.. Evolutionary genomics aims to an
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.. Figure 19.1 The history of the h
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.. (a) A (b) 2 1 B C Vertebrate 1 2
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.. Following symbiosis ... . . . ge
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.. X and Y chromosomes evolve apart
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.. Figure 19.5 (a) A chromosomal in
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.. Mice do not show the same patter
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.. Study and review questions 1 (a)
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.. Morphological evolution is drive
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.. Figure 20.2 (a) Evolution by ter
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.. Developmental change can be by h
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.. . . . than might be expected fro
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.. A similar gene works in eye deve
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.. Figure 20.6 History of the Hox g
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.. Changes in arthropod limbs are a
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.. Switching systems may have made
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.. Study and review questions 1 If
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.. Horse teeth are an example of ho
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.. Horse teeth show a representativ
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.. Figure 21.2 Possible phylogeny o
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.. Figure 21.3 The relation between
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.. . . . disappear after the measur
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.. Box 21.1 Two Meanings of Gradual
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.. Time Punctuated equilibrium extr
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.. Time General younging direction
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.. Score Change in score per millio
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.. Time (Myr) Two species/million y
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.. Summary CHAPTER 21 / Rates of Ev
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.. 22Coevolution C oevolution happe
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.. Figure 22.2 Coevolution means th
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.. Pollinator relationships have le
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.. (a) Time Character Plant Insect
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.. (a) Plant ( Bursera ) sarukhanii
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.. Abiotic pollination Biotic polli
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.. Myxomatosis reduced rabbit popul
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.. Virulence depends on ... . . . t
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.. lower Virulence higher 1.1 1.0 0
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.. . . . is probably due to cospeci
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.. Brain size . . . are used to mea
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.. Incidence of repair 0.6 0.5 0.4
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.. Taxonomic survivorship curves ar
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.. . . . or a static equilibrium ..
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.. present. Biotic pollination, in
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.. 23Extinction and Radiation T his
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.. Figure 23.1 (a) The number of fa
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.. Box 23.1 Pseudoextinction Specie
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.. Figure 23.2 The observed extinct
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.. Position (m) 300 340 330 KT 0 10
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.. The fossil evidence can be teste
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.. Several factors may work interac
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.. Several models could explain why
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.. Box 23.2 Changes in Extinction R
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.. Molluskan larval types can be in
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.. (a) (b) Planktotrophic larvae No
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.. Figure 23.10 Species selection b
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.. CHAPTER 23 / Extinction and Radi
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.. Taxonomic replacements can be co
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.. Mammals proliferated in the earl
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.. Time (a) Observed incompleteness
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.. Number of families Number of fam
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.. Early research established the m
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.. 8 If natural selection favors on
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.. Study and review questions 1 Why
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.. Biogenetic law The name given by
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.. genetic load A reduction in the
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.. phenetic classification using la
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.. stabilizing selection Selection
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.. first terrestrial tetrapods; and
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.. photosynthesis a probably evolve
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.. Chapter 15 1. 2. A B C D E C A B
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.. 2. The eyes of insects and verte
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.. References Abouheif, E., Akam, M
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.. References 701 Bell, G. (1997a).
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.. References 703 Byers, J.A. (1997
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.. References 705 Cronin, T.M. & Sc
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.. References 707 Eldredge, N. & Go
Page 1486: .. References 709 Gingerich, P.D. (
Page 1490: .. References 711 Hamilton, W.D. (1
Page 1494: .. References 713 Huelsenbeck, J.P.
Page 1498: .. References 715 King, M-C. & Wils
Page 1502: .. References 717 Lens, L., van Don
Page 1506: .. References 719 Maynard Smith, J.
Page 1510: .. References 721 Nielsen, R. (2001
Page 1514: .. References 723 Philippe, H. & Fo
Page 1518: .. References 725 Runnegar, B. (200
Page 1522: .. References 727 Singer, R. (ed.)
Page 1526: .. References 729 True, J.R., Weir,
Page 1530: .. References 731 Wiley, E.O. (1988
Page 1534: .. Index Note: page numbers in ital
Page 1540: 736 Index coloration (cont.): prezy
Page 1544: 738 Index evolution (cont.): long-t
Page 1548: 740 Index genetics (cont.): charact
Page 1552: 742 Index immunoglobulins 24 immuno
Page 1556: 744 Index molecular distance 440-2
Page 1560: 746 Index parasites (cont.): genome
Page 1564: 748 Index reproductive development
Page 1568: 750 Index synonymous changes (cont.
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