Evolution__3rd_Edition

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Plate 4 (a) Geospiza magnirostris on Daphne, Galápagos Islands. (b) G. fortis, also on Daphne. These two species are closely related, although G. magnirostris has a larger beak and is more efficient at eating larger seeds. (c) The crater on Daphne in the normal weather conditions of 1976. The birds in the foreground are boobies. (d) The same crater on Daphne in the El Niño year of 1983. The distinctive vegetation consists mainly of Heliotropium angiospermum and Cacabus miersii. (See Sections 9.1, p. 223, and 13.7.3, p. 373.) (Photos courtesy of Peter Grant (a–c) and Nicola Grant (d).)
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.. EVOLUTION
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© 2004 by Blackwell Science Ltd a
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vi Brief Contents PART 5. MACROEVOL
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viii Full Contents 3.5 Ring “spec
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x Full Contents 7.2 Rates of molecu
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xii Full Contents 10.5 Genetics of
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xiv Full Contents PART 4. EVOLUTION
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xvi Full Contents 14.12 Identificat
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xviii Full Contents 17.7 Geographic
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xx Full Contents 21.4.3 Ordovician
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Preface The theory of evolution is
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xxiv Preface evolve resistance to d
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.. Introduction Part one When Darwi
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4 PART 1 / Introduction Evolution i
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6 PART 1 / Introduction Examples ex
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8 PART 1 / Introduction Time (a) (b
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10 PART 1 / Introduction . . . look
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12 PART 1 / Introduction Time (a) (
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14 PART 1 / Introduction Figure 1.7
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18 PART 1 / Introduction . . . and
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20 PART 1 / Introduction Further re
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22 PART 1 / Introduction DNA is car
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24 PART 1 / Introduction Most genes
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26 PART 1 / Introduction Table 2.1
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28 PART 1 / Introduction Original D
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30 PART 1 / Introduction (a) Transp
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32 PART 1 / Introduction . . . per
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34 PART 1 / Introduction Dominance
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Figure 2.11 Two populations with 10
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42 PART 1 / Introduction Study and
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44 PART 1 / Introduction Life could
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Page 184: 66 PART 1 / Introduction The groups
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Page 196: Plate 3 Here in the lower row are s
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Page 218: .. HIV illustrates the logical argu
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Page 242: .. Long-term evolutionary change re
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.. Study and review questions 1 Use
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94 PART 2 / Evolutionary Genetics i
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96 PART 2 / Evolutionary Genetics W
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98 PART 2 / Evolutionary Genetics P
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100 PART 2 / Evolutionary Genetics
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Box 7.2 The Relative Rate Test The
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8 Two-locus and Multilocus Populati
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9 Quantitative Genetics T he Mendel
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254 PART 3 / Adaptation and Natural
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11The Units of Selection A daptatio
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Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequ
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.. Evolution and Diversity Darwin c
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.. Concepts and Intraspecific Varia
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.. CHAPTER 13 / Species Concepts an
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.. Time Vertical species concept Sp
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.. Species may be defined ecologica
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.. . . . and there are other, moder
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.. . . . that has been shown by rec
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.. We have good evidence of geograp
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.. Geographic variation in mice chr
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.. In a stepped cline, the gradient
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.. Box 13.2 Human Variation and Hum
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.. Figure 13.7 Character displaceme
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.. Polytypic species have diverse p
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.. (a) (b) (c) Gave de Pau Gave d
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.. Ecological factors can influence
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.. Biological species are real, not
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.. Biologists disagree about how re
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.. CHAPTER 13 / Species Concepts an
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.. 14Speciation S peciation means t
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.. (a) Space (b) (c) Time Geographi
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.. Figure 14.2 Prezygotic isolation
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.. Figure 14.3 Song form may be ple
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.. Could postzygotic isolation evol
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.. Hybrid fitness is influenced by
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.. Diploid genotype Gene duplicatio
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.. . . . in exceptional conditions
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.. Fitness of hybrid offspring Fitn
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.. Speciation often occurs as a byp
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.. The theory of reinforcement has
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.. Less interbreeding between speci
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.. . . . but also open to alternati
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.. Figure 14.11 Hybrid speciation b
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.. Reinforcement works in sympatry
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.. Most hybrid zones are due to sec
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.. Phylogenetic tests for sympatric
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.. This is a “hot topic” The Od
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.. Biologists are interested in the
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.. Summary 1 The evolution of a new
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.. CHAPTER 14 / Speciation 421 On r
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.. Reconstruction of Phylogeny 15Th
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.. Shared characters are used to in
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.. Figure 15.2 Character conflict i
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.. Figure 15.4 Convergence in marsu
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.. We distinguish ancestral from de
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.. Figure 15.7 Shared characters di
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.. Parsimony underlies outgroup com
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.. Protein and DNA sequences have b
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.. Molecular phylogenetics uses sta
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.. Figure 15.11 Distance methods. (
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.. Percentage difference in DNA of
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.. When two species are very differ
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.. Figure 15.15 The same character
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.. Variable evolutionary rates upse
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.. Ribosomal RNA genes are widely u
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.. The number of possible trees can
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.. . . . as happened in one study o
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.. Evolutionary time Species 1 Orth
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.. The root of a tree ... . . . can
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.. Figure 15.24 The rooted angiospe
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.. The fossil characters were reint
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.. Figure 15.27 Phylogeny of 103 sp
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.. Summary 1 Phylogenies show the a
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.. Study and review questions 1 Her
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.. 16Classification and Evolution B
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.. Phenetic classification is nonev
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.. CHAPTER 16 / Classification and
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.. (a) Phenetic measurements for fi
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.. Distance can be measured in more
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.. Cladism admits only monophyletic
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.. Phylogenetic classification face
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.. Evolutionary classification admi
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.. Classification 1 Classification
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.. Other factors are probably at wo
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.. Study and review questions 1 Mat
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.. Figure 17.1 The natural distribu
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.. Figure 17.2 (a) The six main fau
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.. Dispersal is enabled by various
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.. Many species show similar geneti
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.. Figure 17.4 (b) The three major
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.. Fruitflies and lizards show a co
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.. Plate tectonics causes vicarianc
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.. Time Biogeographic distribution
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.. Figure 17.11 Testing vicariance
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.. (b) Five other vertebrate groups
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.. . . . and South American mammals
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.. CHAPTER 17 / Evolutionary Biogeo
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.. The Great American Interchange i
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.. CHAPTER 17 / Evolutionary Biogeo
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.. Macroevolution Part five Part 5
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.. 18The History of Life T his chap
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.. Geological maps show the locatio
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.. CHAPTER 18 / The History of Life
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.. Time (Myr BP) 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.
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.. Figure 18.3 Around 2-3 billion y
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.. . . . partly by symbiosis Atmosp
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536 PART 5 / Macroevolution Protost
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538 PART 5 / Macroevolution Plants
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540 PART 5 / Macroevolution Some ma
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542 PART 5 / Macroevolution The amn
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544 PART 5 / Macroevolution Figure
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546 PART 5 / Macroevolution Changes
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548 PART 5 / Macroevolution Myr ago
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550 PART 5 / Macroevolution Genetic
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554 PART 5 / Macroevolution Further
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19Evolutionary Genomics T he comple
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558 PART 5 / Macroevolution Some hu
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560 PART 5 / Macroevolution Molecul
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562 PART 5 / Macroevolution Superfl
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564 PART 5 / Macroevolution (a) Gen
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568 PART 5 / Macroevolution Transpo
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570 PART 5 / Macroevolution Summary
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Developmental Biology 20Evolutionar
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580 PART 5 / Macroevolution The Hox
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582 PART 5 / Macroevolution The num
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584 PART 5 / Macroevolution Mouse C
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586 PART 5 / Macroevolution A gene
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21Rates of Evolution E volutionary
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592 PART 5 / Macroevolution Time (M
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594 PART 5 / Macroevolution Table 2
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596 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . a
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598 PART 5 / Macroevolution (a) 5 B
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602 PART 5 / Macroevolution Apparen
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606 PART 5 / Macroevolution Discret
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612 PART 5 / Macroevolution Further
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616 PART 5 / Macroevolution Full ev
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620 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . o
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622 PART 5 / Macroevolution One stu
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624 PART 5 / Macroevolution Box 22.
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626 PART 5 / Macroevolution Table 2
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628 PART 5 / Macroevolution Nematod
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630 PART 5 / Macroevolution The cop
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634 PART 5 / Macroevolution Carnivo
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638 PART 5 / Macroevolution Number
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640 PART 5 / Macroevolution Coevolu
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642 PART 5 / Macroevolution Study a
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644 PART 5 / Macroevolution Adaptiv
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646 PART 5 / Macroevolution Extinct
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648 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . b
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Tertiary Lower Danian Cretaceous Up
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652 PART 5 / Macroevolution The ast
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654 PART 5 / Macroevolution 10 6 ye
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656 PART 5 / Macroevolution Extinct
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658 PART 5 / Macroevolution Darwin
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660 PART 5 / Macroevolution (a) Ext
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664 PART 5 / Macroevolution Hansen
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666 PART 5 / Macroevolution Taxa wi
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668 PART 5 / Macroevolution Fossil
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670 PART 5 / Macroevolution One gro
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672 PART 5 / Macroevolution Molecul
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674 PART 5 / Macroevolution Changes
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676 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . o
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680 PART 5 / Macroevolution (2002),
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Glossary Words in italics cross-ref
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684 Glossary individuals, such as p
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686 Glossary isolating mechanism An
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688 Glossary random drift Synonym o
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Answers to Study and Review Questio
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692 Answers to Study and Review Que
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700 References Arnold, M.L. (1997).
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702 References Briggs, D.E.G. & Cro
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704 References Clarke, C.A., Sheppa
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706 References Dietl, G.P., Alexand
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708 References Flynn, J.J. & Wyss,
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710 References Grant, P.R. & Grant,
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712 References Hey, J. (2001). Gene
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714 References Jeffreys, A.J., Royl
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716 References Kruuk, L.E.B., Meril
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718 References MacFadden, B.J. (199
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720 References Milinkovitch, M.C.,
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722 References Orr, H.A. (1998). Th
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724 References Rice, W.R. (2002). E
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726 References Sequeira, A.S., Lant
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728 References Surlyk, F. & Johanse
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730 References Vrba, E.S. (1993). T
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732 References Wright, S. (1977). E
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734 Index angiosperms (cont.): inse
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736 Index coloration (cont.): prezy
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738 Index evolution (cont.): long-t
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740 Index genetics (cont.): charact
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742 Index immunoglobulins 24 immuno
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744 Index molecular distance 440-2
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746 Index parasites (cont.): genome
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748 Index reproductive development
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750 Index synonymous changes (cont.
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