Evolution__3rd_Edition

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.. 1 The Rise of <strong>Evolution</strong>ary Biology T he chapter first defines biological evolution, and contrasts it with some related but different concepts. It then discusses, historically, the rise of modern evolutionary biology: we consider Darwin’s main precursors; Darwin’s own contribution; how Darwin’s ideas were received; and the development of the modern “synthetic theory” of evolution.
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.. EVOLUTION
Page 8: © 2004 by Blackwell Science Ltd a
Page 12: vi Brief Contents PART 5. MACROEVOL
Page 16: viii Full Contents 3.5 Ring “spec
Page 20: x Full Contents 7.2 Rates of molecu
Page 24: xii Full Contents 10.5 Genetics of
Page 28: xiv Full Contents PART 4. EVOLUTION
Page 32: xvi Full Contents 14.12 Identificat
Page 36: xviii Full Contents 17.7 Geographic
Page 40: xx Full Contents 21.4.3 Ordovician
Page 44: Preface The theory of evolution is
Page 48: xxiv Preface evolve resistance to d
Page 54: .. Introduction Part one When Darwi
Page 62: .. Generation 3 Generation 2 Genera
Page 66: .. Evolutionary thinkers existed be
Page 70: .. Darwin developed evolutionary vi
Page 74: .. Figure 1.5 Darwin’s British su
Page 78: .. . . . leading to the development
Page 82: .. Figure 1.8 (a) Ronald Aylmer Fis
Page 86: .. Figure 1.10 (a) Julian Huxley (1
Page 90: .. Summary 1 Evolution means descen
Page 94: .. 2 Molecular and Mendelian Geneti
Page 98: .. (a) Structure of single strand (
Page 102: .. Information encoded in the DNA .
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.. Figure 2.3 The transfer of infor
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.. r Either Or r r' r' r r r' . . .
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.. Mutation rates are problematic t
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.. Humans, and many other creatures
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.. (a) (b) (c) CHAPTER 2 / Molecula
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.. For linked genes, inheritance de
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.. Mendelian heredity conserves gen
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.. Summary 1 Heredity is determined
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.. 3 The Evidence for Evolution H o
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.. HIV illustrates evolution, on a
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.. Artificial selection produces ev
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.. Kingdom Phylum Subphylum Animali
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.. The salamanders are an example o
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.. New species have been produced a
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.. And many facts fit in with these
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.. The genetic code is a universal
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.. The genetic code is an example o
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.. Homology underlies biogeographic
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.. . . . which suggests the species
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.. Figure 3.12 (a) Anatomic analysi
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.. Any theory of life has to explai
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.. Summary 1 A number of lines of e
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E. e. oregonensis Ensatina eschscho
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Plate 4 (a) Geospiza magnirostris o
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(a) (b) Plate 7 Prezygotic isolatio
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Plate 9 Hybrid speciation in irises
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.. 4 Natural Selection and Variatio
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.. CHAPTER 4 / Natural Selection an
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.. HIV illustrates the logical argu
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.. Frequency Fitness (number of off
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.. Box 4.1 Evolving fisheries When
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.. The extent of variation, particu
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.. . . . biochemical, such as in en
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.. Cumulative percent of fruits 100
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.. Long-term evolutionary change re
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.. Adaptively directed mutation is
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.. Study and review questions 1 Use
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94 PART 2 / Evolutionary Genetics i
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96 PART 2 / Evolutionary Genetics W
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98 PART 2 / Evolutionary Genetics P
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100 PART 2 / Evolutionary Genetics
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Box 7.2 The Relative Rate Test The
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8 Two-locus and Multilocus Populati
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9 Quantitative Genetics T he Mendel
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254 PART 3 / Adaptation and Natural
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11The Units of Selection A daptatio
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Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequ
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.. Evolution and Diversity Darwin c
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.. Concepts and Intraspecific Varia
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.. CHAPTER 13 / Species Concepts an
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.. Time Vertical species concept Sp
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.. Species may be defined ecologica
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.. . . . and there are other, moder
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.. . . . that has been shown by rec
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.. We have good evidence of geograp
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.. Geographic variation in mice chr
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.. In a stepped cline, the gradient
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.. Box 13.2 Human Variation and Hum
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.. Figure 13.7 Character displaceme
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.. Polytypic species have diverse p
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.. (a) (b) (c) Gave de Pau Gave d
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.. Ecological factors can influence
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.. Biological species are real, not
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.. Biologists disagree about how re
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.. CHAPTER 13 / Species Concepts an
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.. 14Speciation S peciation means t
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.. (a) Space (b) (c) Time Geographi
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.. Figure 14.2 Prezygotic isolation
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.. Figure 14.3 Song form may be ple
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.. Could postzygotic isolation evol
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.. Hybrid fitness is influenced by
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.. Diploid genotype Gene duplicatio
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.. . . . in exceptional conditions
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.. Fitness of hybrid offspring Fitn
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.. Speciation often occurs as a byp
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.. The theory of reinforcement has
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.. Less interbreeding between speci
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.. . . . but also open to alternati
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.. Figure 14.11 Hybrid speciation b
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.. Reinforcement works in sympatry
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.. Most hybrid zones are due to sec
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.. Phylogenetic tests for sympatric
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.. This is a “hot topic” The Od
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.. Biologists are interested in the
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.. Summary 1 The evolution of a new
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.. CHAPTER 14 / Speciation 421 On r
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.. Reconstruction of Phylogeny 15Th
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.. Shared characters are used to in
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.. Figure 15.2 Character conflict i
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.. Figure 15.4 Convergence in marsu
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.. We distinguish ancestral from de
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.. Figure 15.7 Shared characters di
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.. Parsimony underlies outgroup com
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.. Protein and DNA sequences have b
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.. Molecular phylogenetics uses sta
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.. Figure 15.11 Distance methods. (
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.. Percentage difference in DNA of
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.. When two species are very differ
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.. Figure 15.15 The same character
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.. Variable evolutionary rates upse
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.. Ribosomal RNA genes are widely u
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.. The number of possible trees can
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.. . . . as happened in one study o
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.. Evolutionary time Species 1 Orth
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.. The root of a tree ... . . . can
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.. Figure 15.24 The rooted angiospe
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.. The fossil characters were reint
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.. Figure 15.27 Phylogeny of 103 sp
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.. Summary 1 Phylogenies show the a
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.. Study and review questions 1 Her
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.. 16Classification and Evolution B
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.. Phenetic classification is nonev
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.. CHAPTER 16 / Classification and
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.. (a) Phenetic measurements for fi
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.. Distance can be measured in more
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.. Cladism admits only monophyletic
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.. Phylogenetic classification face
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.. Evolutionary classification admi
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.. Classification 1 Classification
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.. Other factors are probably at wo
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.. Study and review questions 1 Mat
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.. Figure 17.1 The natural distribu
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.. Figure 17.2 (a) The six main fau
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.. Dispersal is enabled by various
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.. Many species show similar geneti
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.. Figure 17.4 (b) The three major
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.. Fruitflies and lizards show a co
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.. Plate tectonics causes vicarianc
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.. Time Biogeographic distribution
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.. Figure 17.11 Testing vicariance
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.. (b) Five other vertebrate groups
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.. . . . and South American mammals
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.. CHAPTER 17 / Evolutionary Biogeo
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.. The Great American Interchange i
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.. CHAPTER 17 / Evolutionary Biogeo
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.. Macroevolution Part five Part 5
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.. 18The History of Life T his chap
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.. Geological maps show the locatio
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.. CHAPTER 18 / The History of Life
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.. Time (Myr BP) 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.
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.. Figure 18.3 Around 2-3 billion y
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.. . . . partly by symbiosis Atmosp
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536 PART 5 / Macroevolution Protost
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538 PART 5 / Macroevolution Plants
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540 PART 5 / Macroevolution Some ma
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542 PART 5 / Macroevolution The amn
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544 PART 5 / Macroevolution Figure
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546 PART 5 / Macroevolution Changes
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548 PART 5 / Macroevolution Myr ago
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550 PART 5 / Macroevolution Genetic
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554 PART 5 / Macroevolution Further
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19Evolutionary Genomics T he comple
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558 PART 5 / Macroevolution Some hu
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560 PART 5 / Macroevolution Molecul
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562 PART 5 / Macroevolution Superfl
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564 PART 5 / Macroevolution (a) Gen
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568 PART 5 / Macroevolution Transpo
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570 PART 5 / Macroevolution Summary
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Developmental Biology 20Evolutionar
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580 PART 5 / Macroevolution The Hox
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582 PART 5 / Macroevolution The num
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584 PART 5 / Macroevolution Mouse C
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586 PART 5 / Macroevolution A gene
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21Rates of Evolution E volutionary
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592 PART 5 / Macroevolution Time (M
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594 PART 5 / Macroevolution Table 2
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596 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . a
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598 PART 5 / Macroevolution (a) 5 B
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602 PART 5 / Macroevolution Apparen
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606 PART 5 / Macroevolution Discret
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612 PART 5 / Macroevolution Further
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616 PART 5 / Macroevolution Full ev
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620 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . o
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622 PART 5 / Macroevolution One stu
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624 PART 5 / Macroevolution Box 22.
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626 PART 5 / Macroevolution Table 2
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628 PART 5 / Macroevolution Nematod
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630 PART 5 / Macroevolution The cop
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634 PART 5 / Macroevolution Carnivo
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638 PART 5 / Macroevolution Number
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640 PART 5 / Macroevolution Coevolu
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642 PART 5 / Macroevolution Study a
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644 PART 5 / Macroevolution Adaptiv
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646 PART 5 / Macroevolution Extinct
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648 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . b
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Tertiary Lower Danian Cretaceous Up
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652 PART 5 / Macroevolution The ast
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654 PART 5 / Macroevolution 10 6 ye
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656 PART 5 / Macroevolution Extinct
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658 PART 5 / Macroevolution Darwin
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660 PART 5 / Macroevolution (a) Ext
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664 PART 5 / Macroevolution Hansen
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666 PART 5 / Macroevolution Taxa wi
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668 PART 5 / Macroevolution Fossil
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670 PART 5 / Macroevolution One gro
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672 PART 5 / Macroevolution Molecul
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674 PART 5 / Macroevolution Changes
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676 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . o
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680 PART 5 / Macroevolution (2002),
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Glossary Words in italics cross-ref
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684 Glossary individuals, such as p
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686 Glossary isolating mechanism An
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688 Glossary random drift Synonym o
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Answers to Study and Review Questio
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692 Answers to Study and Review Que
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700 References Arnold, M.L. (1997).
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702 References Briggs, D.E.G. & Cro
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704 References Clarke, C.A., Sheppa
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706 References Dietl, G.P., Alexand
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708 References Flynn, J.J. & Wyss,
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710 References Grant, P.R. & Grant,
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712 References Hey, J. (2001). Gene
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714 References Jeffreys, A.J., Royl
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716 References Kruuk, L.E.B., Meril
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718 References MacFadden, B.J. (199
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720 References Milinkovitch, M.C.,
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722 References Orr, H.A. (1998). Th
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724 References Rice, W.R. (2002). E
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726 References Sequeira, A.S., Lant
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728 References Surlyk, F. & Johanse
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730 References Vrba, E.S. (1993). T
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732 References Wright, S. (1977). E
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734 Index angiosperms (cont.): inse
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736 Index coloration (cont.): prezy
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738 Index evolution (cont.): long-t
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740 Index genetics (cont.): charact
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742 Index immunoglobulins 24 immuno
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744 Index molecular distance 440-2
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746 Index parasites (cont.): genome
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748 Index reproductive development
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750 Index synonymous changes (cont.
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