Evolution__3rd_Edition

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.. linkage disequilibrium 207, 309 measurement 279 Mendelian inheritance 41 model 107–8 molecular evolution 156–9, 165 natural populations 86–7 nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution 174–5 pollinators 617 polymorphism 156 maintenance 123–4 preconditions 74–5 prezygotic isolation 402 protein structure 180–1 rarer genotype elimination 401 reduced hybrid fitness 373–4 reproductive isolation reinforcement 399–401 response to 240, 242, 243–4, 245 selective sweeps 210–12, 213 single locus model 120–1 soft 163 speciation 386 species 303 comparisons 184–5 selection 665, 666 stabilizing 76–7, 78, 80, 245–6, 600 definition 688 genetic variation 246–7 strength estimation 240–2 synonymous/non-synonymous changes 181–2 theory 12 truncation 238 two-locus model 206–10 units of 294, 306–10 genes 307–10 virulence 627–8, 629 see also adaptive peaks; artificial selection; kin selection natural theology 256–7 Neanderthals 548–9, 550 nearest neighbor technique 477, 478 nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution 171–5 molecular clock 173 natural selection 174–5 neighbor joining 452 Neisseria gonorrhoeae 209 nematodes 582–3 fig wasp parasitism 628, 629 see also Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode) neo-Darwinism 1, 15, 38, 599, 686 neoteny 575, 576 neotropical anachronisms 273, 274 neutral drift see genetic drift neutral theory of molecular evolution 156, 157–8, 159, 162–3, 686 DNA evolution 179 genetic variation 170 modifications 158–9 mutational process 168 mutations 173 rate 184 protein evolution 178 Newcomer’s organ 614, 616 newt, European crested 274–5 niche fundamental/realized 496 see also ecological niches nominalism 375 non-synonymous to synonymous evolution (dN/dS) ratio 181–2, 183, 184–5 see also synonymous changes Nordenskiöld, Erik 13 North America geological map 525, Plate 10 Great American Interchange 512–17 nucleoside inhibitors 45, 75 nucleotides 24–5, 160, 686 diversity 149, 161 non-synonymous changes 169, 170 rate of evolution 160, 161 recombination 36 synonymous changes 169, 170 nucleus 533, 686 Odysseus gene 415–16 Oecoeclades maculata (orchid) 85 Ohno’s hypothesis of genome duplication 560, 561, 582 Ohta’s nearly neutral theory 171–5 Oligocene–Eocene boundary mass extinction 667 ompT gene loss 562 On the Origin of Species (Darwin) 1, 7, 10, 504, 601, 658 Onchorhynchus gorbuscha (pink salmon) 76, 78 ontogeny 573 Opisthocomus hoazin (hoazin) 187 orang-utan 462, 463 orchids 617 reproductive success 85–6 orders (taxonomic) 377, 472, 483 Ordovician era 540 extinctions 648, 649 organ transplantation, rejection 203 organelles 533, 687 see also chloroplasts; mitochondria Index 745 organs adaptations for functions 284 evolution 13 functions 286 vestigial 59–60 orthogenesis 18, 258, 687 orthologs 457–8 Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit) 625, 626 outgroup comparisons 434–5 Owen, Richard 8–9, 11 oxygen, atmospheric 533 paleontologists 18 Paleozoic fauna 649, 675 pan-neutralism 157–8, 176 Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) 49, 461, 462 common ancestor 483 DNA 578 immune system 631 phylogenetic relations with other hominoids 442 shared characters with humans 446 Panamanian land bridge 513 Panaxia dominula (scarlet tiger moth) 16 pangenesis, hypothesis of 13 Papilio (swallowtail butterfly) 195–7, 198, Plate 3 adaptation 269 coadaptation 197, 216 epistasis 207, 208 fitness 207–8 haplotype frequency 200–3 linkage disequilibrium 204–5 linkage equilibrium 200–3 mimetic polymorphism 196–7, 207, 213, 269 mimetic variation 226 mimicry 195–7, 196, 213, 216, Plate 3 non-random associations 204–5 Parahippus (horse) 593 paralogs 457–8 rooting unrooted trees 459, 460 Paramecium 314–15 parapatric speciation 382, 408–11, 687 hybrid zones 410, 411 stepped clines 409–12 paraphyletic groups 480, 481–3, 687 evolutionary classification 486, 487 extinction 647 parasite–host relations 353, 614–15 interactions 127–8 parasites coevolution with hosts 323–7, 335, 393, 614–15, 623–32 cophylogenies with hosts 630–2
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.. EVOLUTION
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© 2004 by Blackwell Science Ltd a
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vi Brief Contents PART 5. MACROEVOL
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viii Full Contents 3.5 Ring “spec
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x Full Contents 7.2 Rates of molecu
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xii Full Contents 10.5 Genetics of
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xiv Full Contents PART 4. EVOLUTION
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xvi Full Contents 14.12 Identificat
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xviii Full Contents 17.7 Geographic
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xx Full Contents 21.4.3 Ordovician
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Preface The theory of evolution is
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xxiv Preface evolve resistance to d
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.. Introduction Part one When Darwi
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4 PART 1 / Introduction Evolution i
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6 PART 1 / Introduction Examples ex
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8 PART 1 / Introduction Time (a) (b
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10 PART 1 / Introduction . . . look
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12 PART 1 / Introduction Time (a) (
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14 PART 1 / Introduction Figure 1.7
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18 PART 1 / Introduction . . . and
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20 PART 1 / Introduction Further re
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22 PART 1 / Introduction DNA is car
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24 PART 1 / Introduction Most genes
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26 PART 1 / Introduction Table 2.1
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28 PART 1 / Introduction Original D
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30 PART 1 / Introduction (a) Transp
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32 PART 1 / Introduction . . . per
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34 PART 1 / Introduction Dominance
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Figure 2.11 Two populations with 10
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42 PART 1 / Introduction Study and
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44 PART 1 / Introduction Life could
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48 PART 1 / Introduction Tooth qual
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50 PART 1 / Introduction Artificial
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52 PART 1 / Introduction Ring speci
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54 PART 1 / Introduction Human obse
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58 PART 1 / Introduction 5' pG Anti
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62 PART 1 / Introduction (a) α-hem
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64 PART 1 / Introduction Age (Myr a
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66 PART 1 / Introduction The groups
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68 PART 1 / Introduction The scient
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70 PART 1 / Introduction Study and
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Plate 3 Here in the lower row are s
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Plate 6 Scrub jays (Aphelocoma coer
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Plate 8 Chromosomal races of the ho
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Plate 10 Geological map of North Am
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72 PART 1 / Introduction Cod produc
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74 PART 1 / Introduction The strugg
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76 PART 1 / Introduction Many chara
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82 PART 1 / Introduction Chromosome
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86 PART 1 / Introduction The condit
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90 PART 1 / Introduction Summary 1
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.. Evolutionary Genetics Part two T
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.. 5 The Theory of Natural Selectio
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.. Figure 5.1 The general model of
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.. . . . and use Mendel’s rules t
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.. A simpler proof of the Hardy- We
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.. The MN human blood group system
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.. CHAPTER 5 / The Theory of Natura
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.. We need to know more to understa
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.. Figure 5.4 Peppered moths natura
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.. Mark-recapture experiments sugge
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.. Manchester The fitness estimates
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.. Pests, such as mosquitoes, evolv
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.. Figure 5.8 The mortality of mosq
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.. Box 5.2 Resistance Management Th
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.. Other factors will be at work in
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.. . . . which can sometimes be use
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.. Figure 5.9 The global incidence
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.. In host-parasite relations, the
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.. Populations may be subdivided CH
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.. We construct a model of gene fre
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.. We construct a model of selectio
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.. Further reading CHAPTER 5 / The
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.. 6 Random Events in Population Ge
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.. Box 6.1 Random Sampling in Genet
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.. Probability of polymorphism 1.0
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.. Evolution can occur by random dr
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.. Random drift has consequences fo
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.. Generation 1 Generation2 Adults
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.. CHAPTER 6 / Random Events in Pop
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.. Heterozygosity ( H ) 1.0 0.9 0.8
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.. Summary 1 In a small population,
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.. 7 Natural Selection and Random D
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.. Two extreme views b selectionist
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.. The original neutral theory has
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.. . . . and levels of polymorphism
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.. homozygotes by normal Mendelian
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.. Amino acid differences 1.0 0.9 0
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.. Globin evolution in “living fo
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.. Long-generation species, e.g., w
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.. Observed heterozygosity 1.0 0.8
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.. The nearly neutral theory can ex
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.. Insulin illustrates the effect o
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.. CHAPTER 7 / Natural Selection an
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.. Biologists came to accept, throu
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.. Elevated dN/dS ratios are observ
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.. Box 7.4 Model Organisms for Biom
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.. But the test has proved illumina
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.. Evidence shows that synonymous c
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.. The genomic era is allowing new
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.. Summary 1 The neutral theory of
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.. Study and review questions 1 Dra
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.. The tiger swallowtail butterfly
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.. Mimicry requires the correct com
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.. A haplotype is a haploid combina
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.. Linkage disequilibrium ( D) r =
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.. The more complex multilocus mode
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.. Expected frequency ( piqi ) (a)
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.. A model of haplotype frequency c
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.. Evidence for linkage disequilibr
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.. (proportion of polymorphic sites
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.. CHAPTER 8 / Two-locus and Multil
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.. Adaptive topographies can be use
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.. Mean population fitness ( w ) -
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.. p' 0 1 0 Frequency of A allele S
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.. Study and review questions 1 Her
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.. Beak size influences feeding eff
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.. Population size Seed √depth ×
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.. Continuous characters are influe
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.. Genetic and environmental influe
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.. Several non-additive genetic fac
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.. Box 9.1 Some Statistical Terms U
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.. Parent-offspring similarity depe
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.. Frequency Frequency Generation 1
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.. New variation can be introduced
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.. (a) 1976-1977 (b) 1981-1982 (c)
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.. Figure 9.11 (a) The main veins i
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.. Certain non-linear relations can
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.. Behavior Physiology Life history
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.. Some heritable characters do not
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.. Further reading CHAPTER 9 / Quan
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.. Adaptation and Natural Selection
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.. 10Adaptive Explanation T his cha
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.. . . . factually, ... . . . or th
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.. Not all evolution is adaptive CH
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.. Figure 10.2 Stages in the evolut
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.. Some critics suggest that the in
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.. Box 10.1 Molecular Cooption The
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.. Fitness (a) (b) Small mutation L
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.. Figure 10.5 A cross between the
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.. . . . by experiment, ... . . . a
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.. Figure 10.6 The fruits of (a) Cr
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.. Heterozygous advantage may lead
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.. Figure 10.7 Developmental asymme
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.. . . . that can be tested between
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.. Fitness (a) Time 1 (b) Time 2 (c
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.. Fitness Fitness (a) Time 1 (c) T
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.. Imperfect adaptations may or may
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.. The “design” of an eye for s
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.. hypothesis of adaptation or cons
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.. Study and review questions 1 Wha
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.. An adaptation may benefit one le
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.. The sd gene gains an advantage f
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.. CHAPTER 11 / The Units of Select
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.. We define Hamilton’s rule Hami
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.. Kin selection is at work in this
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.. Selfish The theories of group se
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.. Box 11.1 Group Selection for Egg
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.. The unit of selection, in a seco
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.. * * The word “gene” is being
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.. Summary 1 Adaptations evolve by
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.. in Sexual Reproduction 12Adaptat
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.. Figure 12.2 Non-reproductive sex
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.. Figure 12.3 Evolution in (a) ase
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.. Asexual reproduction has a spind
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.. . . . as illustrated by a motor
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.. Log fitness of organisms Number
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.. Figure 12.7 Frequency changes of
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.. Genetic cycles in snails are con
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.. Darwin provided comparative evid
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.. . . . which may explain extreme
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.. Theory requires open-ended choic
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.. But selection may have removed h
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.. Courtship bouts Net reproductive
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.. Theory predicts deviations from
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.. CHAPTER 12 / Adaptations in Sexu
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.. Study and review questions 1 Wha
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346 PART 4 / Evolution and Diversit
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17Evolutionary Biogeography B iogeo
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522 PART 5 / Macroevolution looked
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524 PART 5 / Macroevolution Fossili
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526 PART 5 / Macroevolution Era Per
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528 PART 5 / Macroevolution N = N 0
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530 PART 5 / Macroevolution Early l
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532 PART 5 / Macroevolution Cells h
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.. Multicellular life originated ov
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.. Present ~540 Myr ~1,200 Myr Echi
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.. Figure 18.8 The rise of the angi
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.. Figure 18.9 The origin of tetrap
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.. Probainognathus Thrinaxodon Proc
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.. . . . and cynodonts but their te
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.. . . . and sexual dimorphism all
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.. Homo sapiens c. 100,000 years ag
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.. Macroevolution may be due to ext
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.. Summary 1 Fossils are formed whe
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.. Study and review questions 1 Rev
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.. Evolutionary genomics aims to an
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.. Figure 19.1 The history of the h
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.. (a) A (b) 2 1 B C Vertebrate 1 2
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.. Following symbiosis ... . . . ge
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.. X and Y chromosomes evolve apart
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.. Figure 19.5 (a) A chromosomal in
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.. Mice do not show the same patter
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.. Study and review questions 1 (a)
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.. Morphological evolution is drive
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.. Figure 20.2 (a) Evolution by ter
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.. Developmental change can be by h
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.. . . . than might be expected fro
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.. A similar gene works in eye deve
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.. Figure 20.6 History of the Hox g
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.. Changes in arthropod limbs are a
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.. Switching systems may have made
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.. Study and review questions 1 If
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.. Horse teeth are an example of ho
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.. Horse teeth show a representativ
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.. Figure 21.2 Possible phylogeny o
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.. Figure 21.3 The relation between
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.. . . . disappear after the measur
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.. Box 21.1 Two Meanings of Gradual
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.. Time Punctuated equilibrium extr
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.. Time General younging direction
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.. Score Change in score per millio
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.. Time (Myr) Two species/million y
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.. Summary CHAPTER 21 / Rates of Ev
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.. 22Coevolution C oevolution happe
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.. Figure 22.2 Coevolution means th
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.. Pollinator relationships have le
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.. (a) Time Character Plant Insect
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.. (a) Plant ( Bursera ) sarukhanii
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.. Abiotic pollination Biotic polli
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.. Myxomatosis reduced rabbit popul
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.. Virulence depends on ... . . . t
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.. lower Virulence higher 1.1 1.0 0
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.. . . . is probably due to cospeci
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.. Brain size . . . are used to mea
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.. Incidence of repair 0.6 0.5 0.4
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.. Taxonomic survivorship curves ar
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.. . . . or a static equilibrium ..
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.. present. Biotic pollination, in
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.. 23Extinction and Radiation T his
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.. Figure 23.1 (a) The number of fa
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.. Box 23.1 Pseudoextinction Specie
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.. Figure 23.2 The observed extinct
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.. Position (m) 300 340 330 KT 0 10
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.. The fossil evidence can be teste
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.. Several factors may work interac
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.. Several models could explain why
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.. Box 23.2 Changes in Extinction R
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.. Molluskan larval types can be in
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.. (a) (b) Planktotrophic larvae No
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.. Figure 23.10 Species selection b
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.. CHAPTER 23 / Extinction and Radi
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.. Taxonomic replacements can be co
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.. Mammals proliferated in the earl
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.. Time (a) Observed incompleteness
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.. Number of families Number of fam
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.. Early research established the m
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.. 8 If natural selection favors on
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.. Study and review questions 1 Why
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.. Biogenetic law The name given by
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.. genetic load A reduction in the
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.. phenetic classification using la
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.. stabilizing selection Selection
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.. first terrestrial tetrapods; and
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.. photosynthesis a probably evolve
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.. Chapter 15 1. 2. A B C D E C A B
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.. 2. The eyes of insects and verte
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.. References Abouheif, E., Akam, M
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.. References 701 Bell, G. (1997a).
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.. References 703 Byers, J.A. (1997
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.. References 705 Cronin, T.M. & Sc
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.. References 707 Eldredge, N. & Go
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.. References 709 Gingerich, P.D. (
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.. References 711 Hamilton, W.D. (1
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.. References 713 Huelsenbeck, J.P.
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.. References 715 King, M-C. & Wils
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.. References 717 Lens, L., van Don
Page 1506: .. References 719 Maynard Smith, J.
Page 1510: .. References 721 Nielsen, R. (2001
Page 1514: .. References 723 Philippe, H. & Fo
Page 1518: .. References 725 Runnegar, B. (200
Page 1522: .. References 727 Singer, R. (ed.)
Page 1526: .. References 729 True, J.R., Weir,
Page 1530: .. References 731 Wiley, E.O. (1988
Page 1534: .. Index Note: page numbers in ital
Page 1538: .. see also Battus philenor (pipevi
Page 1542: .. deletion 562 diversity 161 homop
Page 1546: .. Cambrian 535-8 eutherian mammals
Page 1550: .. parent-offspring regressional sl
Page 1554: .. lungfish 540 evolutionary rate 6
Page 1560: 746 Index parasites (cont.): genome
Page 1564: 748 Index reproductive development
Page 1568: 750 Index synonymous changes (cont.
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