Evolution__3rd_Edition

Recommendations

Info

.. Study and review questions 1 Draw the frequency distribution for the selection coefficients of the genetic variants at a locus, according to the neutral and the selectionist theories of molecular evolution. 2 Why is the neutral theory confined to molecular evolution, rather than being applied to all evolution? 3 What facts about molecular evolution led to the proposal of the neutral theory of molecular evolution? 4 What facts about molecular evolution led to the proposal of the nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution? 5 Explain the relation between the degree of functional CHAPTER 7 / Natural Selection and Random Drift 193 constraint on a molecule (or region of a molecule) and its rate of evolution by (a) the neutral theory, and (b) natural selection. 6 Do synonymous sites show pan-neutral evolution? What evidence is there bearing upon the answer? 7 Three genes have ratios of Rate of non-synonymous substitution Rate of synonymous substitution of (a) 0.2, (b) 1, (c) 10. What inferences can we make about the evolution of these three genes?
Page 2:
.. EVOLUTION
Page 8:
© 2004 by Blackwell Science Ltd a
Page 12:
vi Brief Contents PART 5. MACROEVOL
Page 16:
viii Full Contents 3.5 Ring “spec
Page 20:
x Full Contents 7.2 Rates of molecu
Page 24:
xii Full Contents 10.5 Genetics of
Page 28:
xiv Full Contents PART 4. EVOLUTION
Page 32:
xvi Full Contents 14.12 Identificat
Page 36:
xviii Full Contents 17.7 Geographic
Page 40:
xx Full Contents 21.4.3 Ordovician
Page 44:
Preface The theory of evolution is
Page 48:
xxiv Preface evolve resistance to d
Page 54:
.. Introduction Part one When Darwi
Page 60:
4 PART 1 / Introduction Evolution i
Page 64:
6 PART 1 / Introduction Examples ex
Page 68:
8 PART 1 / Introduction Time (a) (b
Page 72:
10 PART 1 / Introduction . . . look
Page 76:
12 PART 1 / Introduction Time (a) (
Page 80:
14 PART 1 / Introduction Figure 1.7
Page 84:
Page 88:
18 PART 1 / Introduction . . . and
Page 92:
20 PART 1 / Introduction Further re
Page 96:
22 PART 1 / Introduction DNA is car
Page 100:
24 PART 1 / Introduction Most genes
Page 104:
26 PART 1 / Introduction Table 2.1
Page 108:
28 PART 1 / Introduction Original D
Page 112:
30 PART 1 / Introduction (a) Transp
Page 116:
32 PART 1 / Introduction . . . per
Page 120:
34 PART 1 / Introduction Dominance
Page 124:
Page 128:
Page 132:
Figure 2.11 Two populations with 10
Page 136:
42 PART 1 / Introduction Study and
Page 140:
44 PART 1 / Introduction Life could
Page 144:
Page 148:
48 PART 1 / Introduction Tooth qual
Page 152:
50 PART 1 / Introduction Artificial
Page 156:
52 PART 1 / Introduction Ring speci
Page 160:
54 PART 1 / Introduction Human obse
Page 164:
Page 168:
58 PART 1 / Introduction 5' pG Anti
Page 172:
Page 176:
62 PART 1 / Introduction (a) α-hem
Page 180:
64 PART 1 / Introduction Age (Myr a
Page 184:
66 PART 1 / Introduction The groups
Page 188:
68 PART 1 / Introduction The scient
Page 192:
70 PART 1 / Introduction Study and
Page 196:
Plate 3 Here in the lower row are s
Page 200:
Plate 6 Scrub jays (Aphelocoma coer
Page 204:
Plate 8 Chromosomal races of the ho
Page 208:
Plate 10 Geological map of North Am
Page 212:
72 PART 1 / Introduction Cod produc
Page 216:
74 PART 1 / Introduction The strugg
Page 220:
76 PART 1 / Introduction Many chara
Page 224:
Page 228:
Page 232:
82 PART 1 / Introduction Chromosome
Page 236:
Page 240:
86 PART 1 / Introduction The condit
Page 244:
Page 248:
90 PART 1 / Introduction Summary 1
Page 254:
.. Evolutionary Genetics Part two T
Page 258:
.. 5 The Theory of Natural Selectio
Page 262:
.. Figure 5.1 The general model of
Page 266:
.. . . . and use Mendel’s rules t
Page 270:
.. A simpler proof of the Hardy- We
Page 274:
.. The MN human blood group system
Page 278:
.. CHAPTER 5 / The Theory of Natura
Page 282:
.. We need to know more to understa
Page 286:
.. Figure 5.4 Peppered moths natura
Page 290:
.. Mark-recapture experiments sugge
Page 294:
.. Manchester The fitness estimates
Page 298:
.. Pests, such as mosquitoes, evolv
Page 302:
.. Figure 5.8 The mortality of mosq
Page 306:
.. Box 5.2 Resistance Management Th
Page 310:
.. Other factors will be at work in
Page 314:
.. . . . which can sometimes be use
Page 318:
.. Figure 5.9 The global incidence
Page 322:
.. In host-parasite relations, the
Page 326:
.. Populations may be subdivided CH
Page 330:
.. We construct a model of gene fre
Page 334:
.. We construct a model of selectio
Page 338:
.. Further reading CHAPTER 5 / The
Page 342:
.. 6 Random Events in Population Ge
Page 346:
.. Box 6.1 Random Sampling in Genet
Page 350:
.. Probability of polymorphism 1.0
Page 354:
.. Evolution can occur by random dr
Page 358:
.. Random drift has consequences fo
Page 362:
.. Generation 1 Generation2 Adults
Page 366:
.. CHAPTER 6 / Random Events in Pop
Page 370:
.. Heterozygosity ( H ) 1.0 0.9 0.8
Page 374:
.. Summary 1 In a small population,
Page 378:
.. 7 Natural Selection and Random D
Page 382:
.. Two extreme views b selectionist
Page 386:
.. The original neutral theory has
Page 390:
.. . . . and levels of polymorphism
Page 394:
.. homozygotes by normal Mendelian
Page 398:
.. Amino acid differences 1.0 0.9 0
Page 402: .. Globin evolution in “living fo
Page 406: .. Long-generation species, e.g., w
Page 410: .. Observed heterozygosity 1.0 0.8
Page 414: .. The nearly neutral theory can ex
Page 418: .. Insulin illustrates the effect o
Page 422: .. CHAPTER 7 / Natural Selection an
Page 426: .. Biologists came to accept, throu
Page 430: .. Elevated dN/dS ratios are observ
Page 434: .. Box 7.4 Model Organisms for Biom
Page 438: .. But the test has proved illumina
Page 442: .. Evidence shows that synonymous c
Page 446: .. The genomic era is allowing new
Page 450: .. Summary 1 The neutral theory of
Page 456: 8 Two-locus and Multilocus Populati
Page 460: 196 PART 2 / Evolutionary Genetics
Page 504:
218 PART 2 / Evolutionary Genetics
Page 508:
Page 512:
9 Quantitative Genetics T he Mendel
Page 516:
Page 520:
Page 524:
Page 528:
Page 532:
Page 536:
Page 540:
Page 544:
Page 548:
Page 552:
Page 556:
Page 560:
Page 564:
Page 568:
Page 572:
Page 576:
254 PART 3 / Adaptation and Natural
Page 580:
Page 584:
Page 588:
Page 592:
Page 596:
Page 600:
Page 604:
Page 608:
Page 612:
Page 616:
Page 620:
Page 624:
Page 628:
Page 632:
Page 636:
Page 640:
Page 644:
Page 648:
Page 652:
11The Units of Selection A daptatio
Page 656:
Page 660:
Page 664:
Page 668:
Page 672:
Page 676:
Page 680:
Page 684:
Page 688:
Page 692:
Page 696:
Page 700:
Page 704:
Page 708:
Page 712:
Page 716:
Page 720:
Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequ
Page 724:
Page 728:
Page 732:
Page 736:
Page 740:
Page 744:
Page 748:
Page 752:
Page 758:
.. Evolution and Diversity Darwin c
Page 762:
.. Concepts and Intraspecific Varia
Page 766:
.. CHAPTER 13 / Species Concepts an
Page 770:
.. Time Vertical species concept Sp
Page 774:
.. Species may be defined ecologica
Page 778:
.. . . . and there are other, moder
Page 782:
.. . . . that has been shown by rec
Page 786:
.. We have good evidence of geograp
Page 790:
.. Geographic variation in mice chr
Page 794:
.. In a stepped cline, the gradient
Page 798:
.. Box 13.2 Human Variation and Hum
Page 802:
.. Figure 13.7 Character displaceme
Page 806:
.. Polytypic species have diverse p
Page 810:
.. (a) (b) (c) Gave de Pau Gave d
Page 814:
.. Ecological factors can influence
Page 818:
.. Biological species are real, not
Page 822:
.. Biologists disagree about how re
Page 826:
.. CHAPTER 13 / Species Concepts an
Page 830:
.. 14Speciation S peciation means t
Page 834:
.. (a) Space (b) (c) Time Geographi
Page 838:
.. Figure 14.2 Prezygotic isolation
Page 842:
.. Figure 14.3 Song form may be ple
Page 846:
.. Could postzygotic isolation evol
Page 850:
.. Hybrid fitness is influenced by
Page 854:
.. Diploid genotype Gene duplicatio
Page 858:
.. . . . in exceptional conditions
Page 862:
.. Fitness of hybrid offspring Fitn
Page 866:
.. Speciation often occurs as a byp
Page 870:
.. The theory of reinforcement has
Page 874:
.. Less interbreeding between speci
Page 878:
.. . . . but also open to alternati
Page 882:
.. Figure 14.11 Hybrid speciation b
Page 886:
.. Reinforcement works in sympatry
Page 890:
.. Most hybrid zones are due to sec
Page 894:
.. Phylogenetic tests for sympatric
Page 898:
.. This is a “hot topic” The Od
Page 902:
.. Biologists are interested in the
Page 906:
.. Summary 1 The evolution of a new
Page 910:
.. CHAPTER 14 / Speciation 421 On r
Page 914:
.. Reconstruction of Phylogeny 15Th
Page 918:
.. Shared characters are used to in
Page 922:
.. Figure 15.2 Character conflict i
Page 926:
.. Figure 15.4 Convergence in marsu
Page 930:
.. We distinguish ancestral from de
Page 934:
.. Figure 15.7 Shared characters di
Page 938:
.. Parsimony underlies outgroup com
Page 942:
.. Protein and DNA sequences have b
Page 946:
.. Molecular phylogenetics uses sta
Page 950:
.. Figure 15.11 Distance methods. (
Page 954:
.. Percentage difference in DNA of
Page 958:
.. When two species are very differ
Page 962:
.. Figure 15.15 The same character
Page 966:
.. Variable evolutionary rates upse
Page 970:
.. Ribosomal RNA genes are widely u
Page 974:
.. The number of possible trees can
Page 978:
.. . . . as happened in one study o
Page 982:
.. Evolutionary time Species 1 Orth
Page 986:
.. The root of a tree ... . . . can
Page 990:
.. Figure 15.24 The rooted angiospe
Page 994:
.. The fossil characters were reint
Page 998:
.. Figure 15.27 Phylogeny of 103 sp
Page 1002:
.. Summary 1 Phylogenies show the a
Page 1006:
.. Study and review questions 1 Her
Page 1010:
.. 16Classification and Evolution B
Page 1014:
.. Phenetic classification is nonev
Page 1018:
.. CHAPTER 16 / Classification and
Page 1022:
.. (a) Phenetic measurements for fi
Page 1026:
.. Distance can be measured in more
Page 1030:
.. Cladism admits only monophyletic
Page 1034:
.. Phylogenetic classification face
Page 1038:
.. Evolutionary classification admi
Page 1042:
.. Classification 1 Classification
Page 1046:
.. Other factors are probably at wo
Page 1050:
.. Study and review questions 1 Mat
Page 1054:
.. Figure 17.1 The natural distribu
Page 1058:
.. Figure 17.2 (a) The six main fau
Page 1062:
.. Dispersal is enabled by various
Page 1066:
.. Many species show similar geneti
Page 1070:
.. Figure 17.4 (b) The three major
Page 1074:
.. Fruitflies and lizards show a co
Page 1078:
.. Plate tectonics causes vicarianc
Page 1082:
.. Time Biogeographic distribution
Page 1086:
.. Figure 17.11 Testing vicariance
Page 1090:
.. (b) Five other vertebrate groups
Page 1094:
.. . . . and South American mammals
Page 1098:
.. CHAPTER 17 / Evolutionary Biogeo
Page 1102:
.. The Great American Interchange i
Page 1106:
.. CHAPTER 17 / Evolutionary Biogeo
Page 1110:
.. Macroevolution Part five Part 5
Page 1114:
.. 18The History of Life T his chap
Page 1118:
.. Geological maps show the locatio
Page 1122:
.. CHAPTER 18 / The History of Life
Page 1126:
.. Time (Myr BP) 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.
Page 1130:
.. Figure 18.3 Around 2-3 billion y
Page 1134:
.. . . . partly by symbiosis Atmosp
Page 1140:
536 PART 5 / Macroevolution Protost
Page 1144:
538 PART 5 / Macroevolution Plants
Page 1148:
540 PART 5 / Macroevolution Some ma
Page 1152:
542 PART 5 / Macroevolution The amn
Page 1156:
544 PART 5 / Macroevolution Figure
Page 1160:
546 PART 5 / Macroevolution Changes
Page 1164:
548 PART 5 / Macroevolution Myr ago
Page 1168:
550 PART 5 / Macroevolution Genetic
Page 1172:
Page 1176:
554 PART 5 / Macroevolution Further
Page 1180:
19Evolutionary Genomics T he comple
Page 1184:
558 PART 5 / Macroevolution Some hu
Page 1188:
560 PART 5 / Macroevolution Molecul
Page 1192:
562 PART 5 / Macroevolution Superfl
Page 1196:
564 PART 5 / Macroevolution (a) Gen
Page 1200:
Page 1204:
568 PART 5 / Macroevolution Transpo
Page 1208:
570 PART 5 / Macroevolution Summary
Page 1212:
Developmental Biology 20Evolutionar
Page 1216:
Page 1220:
Page 1224:
Page 1228:
580 PART 5 / Macroevolution The Hox
Page 1232:
582 PART 5 / Macroevolution The num
Page 1236:
584 PART 5 / Macroevolution Mouse C
Page 1240:
586 PART 5 / Macroevolution A gene
Page 1244:
Page 1248:
21Rates of Evolution E volutionary
Page 1252:
592 PART 5 / Macroevolution Time (M
Page 1256:
594 PART 5 / Macroevolution Table 2
Page 1260:
596 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . a
Page 1264:
598 PART 5 / Macroevolution (a) 5 B
Page 1268:
Page 1272:
602 PART 5 / Macroevolution Apparen
Page 1276:
Page 1280:
606 PART 5 / Macroevolution Discret
Page 1284:
Page 1288:
Page 1292:
612 PART 5 / Macroevolution Further
Page 1296:
Page 1300:
616 PART 5 / Macroevolution Full ev
Page 1304:
Page 1308:
620 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . o
Page 1312:
622 PART 5 / Macroevolution One stu
Page 1316:
624 PART 5 / Macroevolution Box 22.
Page 1320:
626 PART 5 / Macroevolution Table 2
Page 1324:
628 PART 5 / Macroevolution Nematod
Page 1328:
630 PART 5 / Macroevolution The cop
Page 1332:
Page 1336:
634 PART 5 / Macroevolution Carnivo
Page 1340:
Page 1344:
638 PART 5 / Macroevolution Number
Page 1348:
640 PART 5 / Macroevolution Coevolu
Page 1352:
642 PART 5 / Macroevolution Study a
Page 1356:
644 PART 5 / Macroevolution Adaptiv
Page 1360:
646 PART 5 / Macroevolution Extinct
Page 1364:
648 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . b
Page 1368:
Tertiary Lower Danian Cretaceous Up
Page 1372:
652 PART 5 / Macroevolution The ast
Page 1376:
654 PART 5 / Macroevolution 10 6 ye
Page 1380:
656 PART 5 / Macroevolution Extinct
Page 1384:
658 PART 5 / Macroevolution Darwin
Page 1388:
660 PART 5 / Macroevolution (a) Ext
Page 1392:
Page 1396:
664 PART 5 / Macroevolution Hansen
Page 1400:
666 PART 5 / Macroevolution Taxa wi
Page 1404:
668 PART 5 / Macroevolution Fossil
Page 1408:
670 PART 5 / Macroevolution One gro
Page 1412:
672 PART 5 / Macroevolution Molecul
Page 1416:
674 PART 5 / Macroevolution Changes
Page 1420:
676 PART 5 / Macroevolution . . . o
Page 1424:
Page 1428:
680 PART 5 / Macroevolution (2002),
Page 1432:
Glossary Words in italics cross-ref
Page 1436:
684 Glossary individuals, such as p
Page 1440:
686 Glossary isolating mechanism An
Page 1444:
688 Glossary random drift Synonym o
Page 1448:
Answers to Study and Review Questio
Page 1452:
692 Answers to Study and Review Que
Page 1456:
Page 1460:
Page 1464:
Page 1468:
700 References Arnold, M.L. (1997).
Page 1472:
702 References Briggs, D.E.G. & Cro
Page 1476:
704 References Clarke, C.A., Sheppa
Page 1480:
706 References Dietl, G.P., Alexand
Page 1484:
708 References Flynn, J.J. & Wyss,
Page 1488:
710 References Grant, P.R. & Grant,
Page 1492:
712 References Hey, J. (2001). Gene
Page 1496:
714 References Jeffreys, A.J., Royl
Page 1500:
716 References Kruuk, L.E.B., Meril
Page 1504:
718 References MacFadden, B.J. (199
Page 1508:
720 References Milinkovitch, M.C.,
Page 1512:
722 References Orr, H.A. (1998). Th
Page 1516:
724 References Rice, W.R. (2002). E
Page 1520:
726 References Sequeira, A.S., Lant
Page 1524:
728 References Surlyk, F. & Johanse
Page 1528:
730 References Vrba, E.S. (1993). T
Page 1532:
732 References Wright, S. (1977). E
Page 1536:
734 Index angiosperms (cont.): inse
Page 1540:
736 Index coloration (cont.): prezy
Page 1544:
738 Index evolution (cont.): long-t
Page 1548:
740 Index genetics (cont.): charact
Page 1552:
742 Index immunoglobulins 24 immuno
Page 1556:
744 Index molecular distance 440-2
Page 1560:
746 Index parasites (cont.): genome
Page 1564:
748 Index reproductive development
Page 1568:
750 Index synonymous changes (cont.
show all

Evolution__3rd_Edition

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?