Evolution__3rd_Edition

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742 Index immunoglobulins 24 immunological distance (ID) 462 inbreeding 149 independent replacement 669–70 mammals of dinosaurs 671–4 indexes of similarity 494, 495 indophenol oxidase 370, 371, 372 influenza virus 455 inheritance 81 blending 683 theory 12 see also DNA; heredity; Lamarckism inheritance of acquired characters 7, 13, 17, 256, 257, 685 insecticides ecological side effects 118 natural 616 resistance 115–18, 119, 616 developmental asymmetry 276 management 119 slowing of evolution 117, 119 insects biting 628n coevolution with plants 616–20, 621, 622–3 detoxifying mechanisms 616, 617, 619 diversification 622 ecologically specialist species 668 fossil leaf damage 636, 668 host shifts 620, 621 leg development 585 pesticide resistance 115–18 phytophagous 413, 620, 621, 668 pollination 85–6, 617, 622, 623 warning coloration 128–9 insulin 24, 175 intelligence, encephalization quotient 633 interactors 311 interbreeding 48–50, 352, 354 prevention 355–7, 383 species definition 375, 377 interglacial periods 498 intersexual conflict theory 336 intragenomic conflict 295 introgression 406, 407 iridium anomaly 651, 652, 653 Iris hybridization 406–8, Plate 9 island archipelagos 500, 502–3 island biogeography 515 island hopping 497, 513 isolating barriers 355–9, 686, Plate 7 interbreeding prevention 383 Jablonski, D. 666–7 jackal 50, 472 jaw mammalian 544, 545 primates 546 reptilian 544, 545 jay, Florida scrub see Aphelcoma coerulescens (Florida scrub jay) Jerison, H.J. 516, 633–4 kangaroo locomotion 283 keratin 23 Kettlewell, H.B.D. 16 Keyacris scurra (Australian grasshopper) 82 Kimura, Motoo 156, 157–8, 161, 162–3 neutral drift 165 kin selection 298–301, 306, Plate 6 virulence 627 King and Wilson’s hypothesis of human evolution 578–9 kingdom (taxonomic) 472, 483 komatiite shields 531 Kondrashov’s mutational theory of sex 320–1, 323 Krakatau island (Indonesia) 497 Labandeira, C.C. 668 α-lactalbumin 265 lactation 265 lactose synthetase 265 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste 7, 8 Lamarckism 7, 8, 9, 13, 256, 257 definition 686 lancelet see Amphioxus (lancelet) land 538–40 colonization by vertebrates 540–2 language 547 Larus (gulls) 389 larvae 686 fossil shell morphological regions 661 modification 575 mollusk development 660–2, 663, 664 reproduction 575–6 Laupala (cricket) 562 Lazarus taxa 647 leaf miners 413 leaves evolution 538, 539 insect damage in fossils 636, 668 legs development in arthropods 585 function 264–5 lemurs, adaptive radiation in Madagascar 644 lentiviruses 631–2 Lepanthes wendlandii (orchid) 85 leptin genes 182, 183 Leptinotarsa septemlineata (Colorado potato beetle) 117 lice, parasitic 630–1, 632 life cellular 531–3 multicellular 533, 534, 535 origin of 529–31 life cycles, Weismannist 295–6 life tables 72, 73 limb vestigial 59, 60 see also legs; tetrapods, pentadactyl limb; wings limpets 430, 473, 474 Limulus (horseshoe crab) 607, 608 Linanthus parryae (desert flower) 361–2 lineage 4, 5, 686 Lingula (brachiopod) 607 linkage 205 linkage disequilibrium 200, 202n, 686 advantageous 212–14 bacteria 209 disadvantageous 212–14 functions 204–6 hitch-hiking 213, 214 HLA system 204 selection 207, 309 selective sweep 213 swallowtail butterfly 204–5, 213 linkage equilibrium 199–203, 209 Linnaean hierarchy 48, 49–50, 483–5, 686 phylogenetic hierarchy fit 484 ranks 485 lions, hunting 293–4, 307, 309–10 lizards adaptive radiation 644 allopatric speciation 503n ancestral homologies 432 classification 476 phylogenetic relations 482 see also Anolis (lizard) lobster 473, 474 local resource competition/enhancement 340–1 locomotion bipedality 546, 550 herbivores 283 upright 546 long branch attraction 456 long interspersed elements (LINEs) 567 long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons 567 Lucilia cuprina (Australian sheep blowfly) 276 “Lucy” (fossil australopithecine) 547, 548 ..
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.. EVOLUTION
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© 2004 by Blackwell Science Ltd a
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vi Brief Contents PART 5. MACROEVOL
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viii Full Contents 3.5 Ring “spec
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x Full Contents 7.2 Rates of molecu
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xii Full Contents 10.5 Genetics of
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xiv Full Contents PART 4. EVOLUTION
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xvi Full Contents 14.12 Identificat
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xviii Full Contents 17.7 Geographic
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xx Full Contents 21.4.3 Ordovician
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Preface The theory of evolution is
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xxiv Preface evolve resistance to d
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.. Introduction Part one When Darwi
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4 PART 1 / Introduction Evolution i
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6 PART 1 / Introduction Examples ex
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8 PART 1 / Introduction Time (a) (b
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10 PART 1 / Introduction . . . look
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12 PART 1 / Introduction Time (a) (
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14 PART 1 / Introduction Figure 1.7
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18 PART 1 / Introduction . . . and
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20 PART 1 / Introduction Further re
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22 PART 1 / Introduction DNA is car
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24 PART 1 / Introduction Most genes
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26 PART 1 / Introduction Table 2.1
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28 PART 1 / Introduction Original D
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30 PART 1 / Introduction (a) Transp
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32 PART 1 / Introduction . . . per
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34 PART 1 / Introduction Dominance
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Figure 2.11 Two populations with 10
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42 PART 1 / Introduction Study and
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44 PART 1 / Introduction Life could
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48 PART 1 / Introduction Tooth qual
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50 PART 1 / Introduction Artificial
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52 PART 1 / Introduction Ring speci
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54 PART 1 / Introduction Human obse
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58 PART 1 / Introduction 5' pG Anti
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62 PART 1 / Introduction (a) α-hem
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64 PART 1 / Introduction Age (Myr a
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66 PART 1 / Introduction The groups
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68 PART 1 / Introduction The scient
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70 PART 1 / Introduction Study and
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Plate 3 Here in the lower row are s
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Plate 6 Scrub jays (Aphelocoma coer
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Plate 8 Chromosomal races of the ho
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Plate 10 Geological map of North Am
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72 PART 1 / Introduction Cod produc
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74 PART 1 / Introduction The strugg
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76 PART 1 / Introduction Many chara
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82 PART 1 / Introduction Chromosome
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86 PART 1 / Introduction The condit
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90 PART 1 / Introduction Summary 1
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.. Evolutionary Genetics Part two T
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.. 5 The Theory of Natural Selectio
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.. Figure 5.1 The general model of
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.. . . . and use Mendel’s rules t
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.. A simpler proof of the Hardy- We
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.. The MN human blood group system
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.. CHAPTER 5 / The Theory of Natura
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.. We need to know more to understa
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.. Figure 5.4 Peppered moths natura
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.. Mark-recapture experiments sugge
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.. Manchester The fitness estimates
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.. Pests, such as mosquitoes, evolv
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.. Figure 5.8 The mortality of mosq
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.. Box 5.2 Resistance Management Th
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.. Other factors will be at work in
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.. . . . which can sometimes be use
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.. Figure 5.9 The global incidence
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.. In host-parasite relations, the
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.. Populations may be subdivided CH
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.. We construct a model of gene fre
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.. We construct a model of selectio
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.. Further reading CHAPTER 5 / The
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.. 6 Random Events in Population Ge
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.. Box 6.1 Random Sampling in Genet
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.. Probability of polymorphism 1.0
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.. Evolution can occur by random dr
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.. Random drift has consequences fo
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.. Generation 1 Generation2 Adults
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.. CHAPTER 6 / Random Events in Pop
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.. Heterozygosity ( H ) 1.0 0.9 0.8
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.. Summary 1 In a small population,
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.. 7 Natural Selection and Random D
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.. Two extreme views b selectionist
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.. The original neutral theory has
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.. . . . and levels of polymorphism
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.. homozygotes by normal Mendelian
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.. Amino acid differences 1.0 0.9 0
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.. Globin evolution in “living fo
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.. Long-generation species, e.g., w
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.. Observed heterozygosity 1.0 0.8
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.. The nearly neutral theory can ex
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.. Insulin illustrates the effect o
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.. CHAPTER 7 / Natural Selection an
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.. Biologists came to accept, throu
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.. Elevated dN/dS ratios are observ
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.. Box 7.4 Model Organisms for Biom
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.. But the test has proved illumina
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.. Evidence shows that synonymous c
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.. The genomic era is allowing new
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.. Summary 1 The neutral theory of
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.. Study and review questions 1 Dra
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.. The tiger swallowtail butterfly
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.. Mimicry requires the correct com
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.. A haplotype is a haploid combina
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.. Linkage disequilibrium ( D) r =
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.. The more complex multilocus mode
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.. Expected frequency ( piqi ) (a)
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.. A model of haplotype frequency c
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.. Evidence for linkage disequilibr
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.. (proportion of polymorphic sites
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.. CHAPTER 8 / Two-locus and Multil
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.. Adaptive topographies can be use
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.. Mean population fitness ( w ) -
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.. p' 0 1 0 Frequency of A allele S
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.. Study and review questions 1 Her
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.. Beak size influences feeding eff
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.. Population size Seed √depth ×
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.. Continuous characters are influe
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.. Genetic and environmental influe
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.. Several non-additive genetic fac
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.. Box 9.1 Some Statistical Terms U
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.. Parent-offspring similarity depe
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.. Frequency Frequency Generation 1
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.. New variation can be introduced
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.. (a) 1976-1977 (b) 1981-1982 (c)
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.. Figure 9.11 (a) The main veins i
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.. Certain non-linear relations can
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.. Behavior Physiology Life history
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.. Some heritable characters do not
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.. Further reading CHAPTER 9 / Quan
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.. Adaptation and Natural Selection
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.. 10Adaptive Explanation T his cha
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.. . . . factually, ... . . . or th
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.. Not all evolution is adaptive CH
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.. Figure 10.2 Stages in the evolut
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.. Some critics suggest that the in
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.. Box 10.1 Molecular Cooption The
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.. Fitness (a) (b) Small mutation L
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.. Figure 10.5 A cross between the
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.. . . . by experiment, ... . . . a
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.. Figure 10.6 The fruits of (a) Cr
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.. Heterozygous advantage may lead
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.. Figure 10.7 Developmental asymme
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.. . . . that can be tested between
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.. Fitness (a) Time 1 (b) Time 2 (c
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.. Fitness Fitness (a) Time 1 (c) T
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.. Imperfect adaptations may or may
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.. The “design” of an eye for s
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.. hypothesis of adaptation or cons
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.. Study and review questions 1 Wha
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.. An adaptation may benefit one le
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.. The sd gene gains an advantage f
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.. CHAPTER 11 / The Units of Select
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.. We define Hamilton’s rule Hami
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.. Kin selection is at work in this
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.. Selfish The theories of group se
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.. Box 11.1 Group Selection for Egg
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.. The unit of selection, in a seco
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.. * * The word “gene” is being
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.. Summary 1 Adaptations evolve by
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.. in Sexual Reproduction 12Adaptat
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.. Figure 12.2 Non-reproductive sex
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.. Figure 12.3 Evolution in (a) ase
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.. Asexual reproduction has a spind
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.. . . . as illustrated by a motor
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.. Log fitness of organisms Number
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.. Figure 12.7 Frequency changes of
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.. Genetic cycles in snails are con
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.. Darwin provided comparative evid
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.. . . . which may explain extreme
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.. Theory requires open-ended choic
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.. But selection may have removed h
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.. Courtship bouts Net reproductive
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.. Theory predicts deviations from
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.. CHAPTER 12 / Adaptations in Sexu
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.. Study and review questions 1 Wha
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346 PART 4 / Evolution and Diversit
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17Evolutionary Biogeography B iogeo
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522 PART 5 / Macroevolution looked
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524 PART 5 / Macroevolution Fossili
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526 PART 5 / Macroevolution Era Per
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528 PART 5 / Macroevolution N = N 0
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530 PART 5 / Macroevolution Early l
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532 PART 5 / Macroevolution Cells h
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.. Multicellular life originated ov
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.. Present ~540 Myr ~1,200 Myr Echi
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.. Figure 18.8 The rise of the angi
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.. Figure 18.9 The origin of tetrap
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.. Probainognathus Thrinaxodon Proc
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.. . . . and cynodonts but their te
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.. . . . and sexual dimorphism all
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.. Homo sapiens c. 100,000 years ag
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.. Macroevolution may be due to ext
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.. Summary 1 Fossils are formed whe
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.. Study and review questions 1 Rev
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.. Evolutionary genomics aims to an
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.. Figure 19.1 The history of the h
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.. (a) A (b) 2 1 B C Vertebrate 1 2
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.. Following symbiosis ... . . . ge
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.. X and Y chromosomes evolve apart
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.. Figure 19.5 (a) A chromosomal in
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.. Mice do not show the same patter
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.. Study and review questions 1 (a)
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.. Morphological evolution is drive
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.. Figure 20.2 (a) Evolution by ter
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.. Developmental change can be by h
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.. . . . than might be expected fro
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.. A similar gene works in eye deve
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.. Figure 20.6 History of the Hox g
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.. Changes in arthropod limbs are a
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.. Switching systems may have made
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.. Study and review questions 1 If
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.. Horse teeth are an example of ho
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.. Horse teeth show a representativ
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.. Figure 21.2 Possible phylogeny o
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.. Figure 21.3 The relation between
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.. . . . disappear after the measur
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.. Box 21.1 Two Meanings of Gradual
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.. Time Punctuated equilibrium extr
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.. Time General younging direction
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.. Score Change in score per millio
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.. Time (Myr) Two species/million y
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.. Summary CHAPTER 21 / Rates of Ev
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.. 22Coevolution C oevolution happe
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.. Figure 22.2 Coevolution means th
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.. Pollinator relationships have le
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.. (a) Time Character Plant Insect
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.. (a) Plant ( Bursera ) sarukhanii
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.. Abiotic pollination Biotic polli
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.. Myxomatosis reduced rabbit popul
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.. Virulence depends on ... . . . t
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.. lower Virulence higher 1.1 1.0 0
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.. . . . is probably due to cospeci
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.. Brain size . . . are used to mea
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.. Incidence of repair 0.6 0.5 0.4
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.. Taxonomic survivorship curves ar
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.. . . . or a static equilibrium ..
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.. present. Biotic pollination, in
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.. 23Extinction and Radiation T his
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.. Figure 23.1 (a) The number of fa
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.. Box 23.1 Pseudoextinction Specie
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.. Figure 23.2 The observed extinct
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.. Position (m) 300 340 330 KT 0 10
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.. The fossil evidence can be teste
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.. Several factors may work interac
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.. Several models could explain why
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.. Box 23.2 Changes in Extinction R
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.. Molluskan larval types can be in
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.. (a) (b) Planktotrophic larvae No
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.. Figure 23.10 Species selection b
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.. CHAPTER 23 / Extinction and Radi
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.. Taxonomic replacements can be co
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.. Mammals proliferated in the earl
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.. Time (a) Observed incompleteness
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.. Number of families Number of fam
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.. Early research established the m
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.. 8 If natural selection favors on
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.. Study and review questions 1 Why
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.. Biogenetic law The name given by
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.. genetic load A reduction in the
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.. phenetic classification using la
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.. stabilizing selection Selection
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.. first terrestrial tetrapods; and
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.. photosynthesis a probably evolve
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.. Chapter 15 1. 2. A B C D E C A B
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.. 2. The eyes of insects and verte
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.. References Abouheif, E., Akam, M
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.. References 701 Bell, G. (1997a).
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.. References 703 Byers, J.A. (1997
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.. References 705 Cronin, T.M. & Sc
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.. References 707 Eldredge, N. & Go
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.. References 709 Gingerich, P.D. (
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.. References 711 Hamilton, W.D. (1
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.. References 713 Huelsenbeck, J.P.
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.. References 715 King, M-C. & Wils
Page 1502: .. References 717 Lens, L., van Don
Page 1506: .. References 719 Maynard Smith, J.
Page 1510: .. References 721 Nielsen, R. (2001
Page 1514: .. References 723 Philippe, H. & Fo
Page 1518: .. References 725 Runnegar, B. (200
Page 1522: .. References 727 Singer, R. (ed.)
Page 1526: .. References 729 True, J.R., Weir,
Page 1530: .. References 731 Wiley, E.O. (1988
Page 1534: .. Index Note: page numbers in ital
Page 1538: .. see also Battus philenor (pipevi
Page 1542: .. deletion 562 diversity 161 homop
Page 1546: .. Cambrian 535-8 eutherian mammals
Page 1550: .. parent-offspring regressional sl
Page 1556: 744 Index molecular distance 440-2
Page 1560: 746 Index parasites (cont.): genome
Page 1564: 748 Index reproductive development
Page 1568: 750 Index synonymous changes (cont.
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