Evolution__3rd_Edition

420 PART 4 / Evolution and Diversity
more popular, book about speciation. The recent research monographs by Arnold
(1997), Levin (2000), and Schluter (2000) contain much material about speciation, as
does the conference proceedings edited by Magurran & May (1999). The special issue
of Genetica (2001), vol. 112/113 contains several papers on speciation; it was also issued
as a separate book (Hendry & Kinnison 2001). Also see the supplement (edited by Via)
to vol. 159 of American Naturalist (2002); it is a special issue on the ecological genetics
of speciation.
Rice & Hostert (1993) review the experimental research on speciation, including the
evolution of reproductive isolation as a by-product of divergence. Meffert (1999)
relates experimental work of this kind to conservation. For the biogeographic evidence
we have no similar review, but there are many further studies like Kruckeberg (1957).
Levin (2000) lists several. Vickery (1978) is a particularly thorough study of North
American monkey flowers. Ring species illustrate the same point: see Chapter 3 in this
book and Irwin et al. (2001b). Nosil et al. (2002) take this line of research further. They
not only show that more distant populations of a walking-stick insect have higher
prezygotic isolation, but also that isolation is influenced by ecological similarity a
specifically, host plant similarity.
Other recent examples, like Podos (2001), in which reproductive isolation is an
almost automatic consequence of change in some character or other, include Keller &
Gerhardt’s (2001) study of polyploidy and call structure in frogs. An excellent related
example is provided by flower morphology and pollinator specialization. See Schemske
& Bradshaw’s (1999) work on monkey flowers, and Waser (1998) generally; Section
22.3 will pick up this theme and has further references.
The genetics of postzygotic isolation has been well reviewed recently. See Orr (2001)
and Turelli et al. (2001a) in the special issue of Trends in Ecology and Evolution. See also
Orr & Presgraves (2000) and Coyne & Orr (1998). See Johnson (2002) for a historic
perspective. Other biological examples that fit the basic Dobzhansky–Muller scheme
include segregation distorters (see Section 11.2, p. 294, and the paper by Tao et al.
(2001)). On parasites, see Hamilton (2001). Fishman & Willis (2001) show that
Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities are at work in monkey flowers. Wolbachias are
another special case: see Breeuwer & Werren (1990) for an example, and Nature (2001),
vol. 409, p. 675 for a picture of how it fits the Dobzhansky–Muller scheme. (Wolbachias
are worth looking into in their own right for dramatic experiments, such as Breeuwer
and Werren’s, in which antibiotic treatment “cures” speciation. Werren (1997) is a
review.)
Two other excellent case studies in the genetics of speciation are the work of
Schemske & Bradshaw (1999) on monkey flowers, in which genes influence flower coloration,
which influences pollinators, and of Rieseberg on sunflowers (see the hybrid
speciation references given below). Rieseberg also has a piece in the special issue of
Trends in Ecology and Evolution (2001) that introduces the role of chromosomal change
in speciation a which is a further big historic theme in the speciation literature. Noor et
al. (2001) is a recent study of a pair of Drosophila species in which a chromosomal
inversion influences reproductive isolation.
For Haldane’s rule, see Turelli et al. (2001a) and Orr (2001) in the special issue of
Trends in Ecology and Evolution, and Orr & Presgraves (2000). The recent literature is
huge, and they introduce it.
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