Working Life Barometer in the Baltic Countries 2002 (pdf) - mol.fi

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97 WOMEN'S SALARIES AS A PERCENTAGE OF MEN'S IN 1998 AND 2002, CALCULATED FROM THE MEDIAN AND MEAN SALARIES 2 Ratio of women's salaries to men's (%) 1998 2002 Change (%) All wage earners Median wages/salaries Mean wages/salaries 63 % 63 % 69 % 71 % +6 +8 Private sector Public sector Median wages/salaries 61 % 63 % +2 Mean wages/salaries 66 % 70 % +4 Median wages/salaries 63 % 73 % +10 Mean wages/salaries 63 % 73 % +10 Median wages/salaries 56 % 63 % +7 New workplaces Mean wages/salaries 61 % 71 % +10 Reorganised Median wages/salaries 71 % 70 % -1 workplaces Mean wages/salaries 64 % 64 % 0 Old workplaces Median wages/salaries Mean wages/salaries 70 % 73 % 77 % 77 % +7 +4 The salary gap between men and women has clearly diminished more in the public than in the private sector. In median terms, it was 10 per cent smaller in the public sector. The percentage ratio of women's salaries to men's salaries is definitely the smallest at new workplaces established after the regaining of independence, and clearly the greatest at the old workplaces. The reduction in the salary gaps results from the fact that the women's salaries have improved more than the men's. On the basis of deflated salaries, it can be seen that - unlike the women's - the men's real salaries according to the median have decreased slightly, and the mean values have decreased more. At the beginning of 2002, the monthly salary that the women were receiving in hand was on average about 1100 krones less compared with the men. Three years earlier the gap was about 1300 – 1500 krones. 2 The percentages have been calculated from the net salaries, which have not been adjusted to account for the change in consumer prices.
WOMEN'S AND MEN'S NET SALARIES, 1998 AND 2002 Deflated to 1998 price level using consumer price index (kr/month) MEN WOMEN 7000,0 6000,0 5000,0 4000,0 3000,0 2000,0 1000,0 98 1998 2002 Change (krones) Change (%) Median 3525 kr 3470 kr -55 kr -1.6 % Mean 4122 kr 3915 kr -207 kr -5.0 % Median 2206 kr 2412 kr +206kr +9.3 % Mean 2589 kr 2776 kr +187 kr +7.2 % 0,0 NET WAGES AND SALARIES BY DECILES MEN AND WOMEN IN ESTONIA 1998 AND 2002 At constant (1998) prices, inflation controlled by consumer price index Net wage or salary (krones/month) 1998women 2002women 1998men 2002men 10 % 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Change women(%) 14,0 3,0 3,6 5,7 9,6 5,6 2,7 6,7 2,0 Change men(%) 14,5 10,1 5,6 -0,2 0,6 -4,1 -12,0 -10,8 -6,1 A study of the deciles shows that the higher the decile to which a person belongs, the greater the salary difference between the women and the men. This difference has nevertheless diminished slightly during the period 1998 – 2002, because the men's salaries have grown only in the three lowest and the fifth deciles while in the women's case there has been growth in all the deciles. For both men and women, the percentage growth has been the greatest in the bottom decile. In the women's case, unlike the men's, growth has taken place in the middle-income category, too. Men's deflated net salaries have become lower both in the middle-income bracket and also, especially, in the top three
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247 LABOUR POLICY STUDIES Juha Anti
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FOREWORD The working life barometer
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SUMMARY This research study is the
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CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .............
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2 of the state was part of the deve
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4 to; and, in fact, it can be very
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6 PART ONE COUNTRY ESSAYS
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8 Industries: Food, textile, wearin
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10 Since the beginning of the 1990s
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12 As the number of working age pop
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14 2001 the unemployment rate of th
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16 In addition to unemployment bene
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18 the average wage is higher than
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20 proceeding from its economic opp
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LATVIA Jevg_nija Sviridenkova Senio
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24 improved, the institutional set-
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26 Once a year a taxpayer is allowe
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28 The legal framework for enterpri
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30 The aim of economic policy of th
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32 exchange rate ensures stable pri
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34 age population will not fall tha
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36 favourable conditions for invest
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38 conditions for investment and th
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40 The key elements of health promo
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42 Most of the higher educational i
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44 financial intermediation 96 015
Page 55 and 56: LITHUANIA 46 Gintare Buzinskaite Se
Page 57 and 58: 48 The main legal act is the Consti
Page 59 and 60: 50 According to the data of the cen
Page 61 and 62: 52 money transfer from the EU will
Page 63 and 64: 54 In 1997 the Government of Lithua
Page 65 and 66: 56 without children had the biggest
Page 67 and 68: 58 pensioners work. There were 67.7
Page 69 and 70: 60 The biggest number of job vacanc
Page 71 and 72: 62 Confederation of Lithuanian Indu
Page 73 and 74: 64 Lithuania’s economy is growing
Page 75 and 76: 66 In this section, we will examine
Page 77 and 78: 68 other two countries, and so the
Page 79 and 80: 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 25% 70 UNION
Page 81 and 82: 72 Trade union representation at th
Page 83 and 84: 74 In any case, the proportion of u
Page 85 and 86: 40% 20% 0% -20% -40% 32% -22% 76 OP
Page 87 and 88: 78 to the trade union movement. In
Page 89 and 90: 80 working hours, the same things w
Page 91 and 92: 82 Lithuania. However, only 15 % of
Page 93 and 94: …at the workplace together with c
Page 95 and 96: 86 NEGOTIATIONS ON EMPLOYEES' SAFET
Page 97 and 98: 88 more collectivity in negotiation
Page 99 and 100: SALARY PAYMENT BASIS 90 ESTONIA LAT
Page 101 and 102: 92 Baltic countries are often agree
Page 103 and 104: 94 make the same purchase in Estoni
Page 105: 96 In this way, the salary distribu
Page 109 and 110: 100 The net salaries in the private
Page 111 and 112: 102 women's salaries have improved
Page 113 and 114: 104 portion in 2002 measured by the
Page 115 and 116: 106 NET WAGES AND SALARIES BY DECIL
Page 117 and 118: 108 erage salaries have fallen by 1
Page 119 and 120: LITHUANIA 110 The rise in consumer
Page 121 and 122: New workplaces Reorganised Old work
Page 123 and 124: 114 taken into account, Lithuania's
Page 125 and 126: 116 NET WAGES AND SALARIES BY DECIL
Page 127 and 128: 118 In Estonia and Latvia the reorg
Page 129 and 130: 120 MEDIAN SALARY IN 1998 AND 2002
Page 131 and 132: 122 WAGE EARNERS' OWN ESTIMATE OF C
Page 133 and 134: 124 ing people, the managers trust
Page 135 and 136: 126 tively small, and so their sign
Page 137 and 138: 128 clearly higher than in the othe
Page 139 and 140: 130 The most problematic situation
Page 141 and 142: WEEKLY WORKING HOURS Estonia 132 Th
Page 143 and 144: 134 mainstream in Latvia, since the
Page 145 and 146: 136 Weekly working hours in Lithuan
Page 147 and 148: 138 WORKING OVERTIME DURING A NORMA
Page 149 and 150: 140 Unpaid overtime is more typical
Page 151 and 152: 142 and why do they accept the prev
Page 153 and 154: EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS 144 The trends
Page 155 and 156: 146 of no significance: in practice
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148 PROPORTION OF EMPLOYEES WHO HAV
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150 STRESS FACTORS AND CONFLICTS In
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152 nia has become much more demand
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154 Mean work intensity values (Sca
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60% 40% 20% 0% -20% -40% -60% Durin
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LATVIA women men ESTONIA women men
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160 In 2002 in Latvia and Estonia,
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LATVIA women men ESTONIA women men
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164 Work safety in Latvia is seen a
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CONFLICTS 166 To finish this chapte
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168 In the question of conflicts, E
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170 may be a sign of efficiency; bu
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172 The workers' possibilities of i
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174 sumed that the question of sect
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176 two Baltic countries. This shou
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178 and the private sectors, though
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180 the individuals are allowed to
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JOB SATISFACTION 182 When working p
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100% 50% 0% -50% -100% 78% 78% -22%
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186 mosphere assessment between the
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188 aspects are enquired about: 1)
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190 public-sector workers are a lit
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192 sector, where nearly three-quar
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20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 15% 16% 194 THE P
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196 home in connection with their m
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198 ised by way of information netw
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 200 PERSONA
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202 spects is (naturally) the same
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204 tries. Under half (43 %) of all
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206 The ageing workers, therefore,
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208 information technology are grow
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210 PARTICIPATED IN TRAINING PAID B
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212 problem category in Finland are
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214 DEVELOPMENT OF WORK ORGANISATIO
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216 of, room and opportunities shou
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218 been set up, with the aim of pl
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220 PART THREE CURRENT TRENDS AND F
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222 WORKING LIFE TRENDS IN ESTONIA,
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224 HOW HAVE ASSESSMENTS OF WORKING
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MEN AND WOMEN 226 The changes takin
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228 Greatest changes 1998 - 2002: E
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230 TRENDS IN ESTONIAN WORKING LIFE
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LATVIA 232 The attitudes of the Lat
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234 men have taken a somewhat more
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236 In the oldest age group, there
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Meaningfulness Equality Environment
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MEN AND WOMEN 240 The increased neg
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242 UNDER 30 YEARS Greatest changes
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244 trend expectations can indeed b
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Meaningfulness Equality Environment
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248 is particularly great. In the v
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250 EXPECTATIONS: ECONOMY OF OWN WO
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252 At the new workplaces establish
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254 DISCUSSION: DIVERGING DEVELOPME
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256 favourable direction and the de
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258 A trend toward normalisation ca
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260 ment staff. It is, in a way, na
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262 still some big changes ahead fo
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264 the salary due from their main
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266 Job satisfaction Job satisfacti
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REFERENCES 268 Alasoini, T.: Suomal
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270 http://www.stat.fi/tk/tp/maailm
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DATA COLLECTION AND SAMPLE DESIGN C
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33. Korkiasaari, Jouni: Siirtolaisi
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110. Aarne Mattila: Cooperation and
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179. Osmo Rahikainen, Pekka Ylösta
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243. Matti Vartiainen, Christina Sw
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