Working Life Barometer in the Baltic Countries 2002 (pdf) - mol.fi

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195 vate-sector teleworkers clearly do a greater quantity of telework measured in hours. In Latvia, a teleworker in the private sector does as many as 43 hours of telework per month on average. In the public sector, the corresponding amount is 20 hours. In Estonia and Lithuania, private-sector personnel do more telework, both more commonly and in terms of hours, than the public-sector wage earners. Comparison of the countries reveals that in Lithuania the hours of telework done are definitely fewer than in the other two Baltic countries. Teleworkers in Latvia and Estonia do an average of 31 hours' telework per month; and in Lithuania, 14 hours. The numbers of hours must be regarded with great reservation, due to the small numbers of respondents. Hours of telework per month (mean values among workers doing telework) LATVIA LITHUANIA ESTONIA Private sector 43h 15h 34h Public sector 20h 12h 24h Total 31h (N=62) 3 14h (N=107) DOING ONE’S PRINCIPAL JOB AT HOME 31h (N=73) The measuring of telework is awkward because the formulation of the questions has a considerable effect on the response percentages. Partly for this reason, the working people were also asked whether they did tasks at home in connection with their principal job. A noticeably larger proportion stated that they did work at home related to their main job than those who said that they did telework. This was expected, as a main job done at home did not involve the same kind of conditions linked with working arrangements as did telework. The question for gauging such work done at home was as follows: Do you sometimes do work at home which is connected with your principal job? The responses of the Latvians, Estonians and Finns were very similar to each other. In all these countries, over one-quarter of the working people do work at 3 The low total of respondents in Latvia is due to the large number of those who were unsure. Over half (N=78) of the Latvians doing telework were unable to estimate how many hours of telework they did. Naturally, therefore, they have been omitted from the table of working hours.
196 home in connection with their main job. Working solely at home, however, is extremely rare. The Lithuanian data on this aspect are lacking due to a technical error concerning the interviews. In Latvia and Estonia - as in Finland - of those doing their job at least partly at home, slightly over half 4 were working in the private sector. LATVIA ESTONIA FINLAND Works occasionally or partially at home 28 % 28 % 26 % Works at home only 1 % 2 % 1 % Does not work at home at all 68 % 70 % 73 % Does not know 3 % 0 % 0 % Total 100 % (N=904) 100 % (N=900) 100 % (N=1297) Doing paid work at home, whether it is telework by definition or not, has a strong link with the person's position in the work organisation (cf. Pekkola 2002). In Latvia, over half of those in a managerial post and a little under half of the specialists did at home some tasks connected with their main job. Among the other personnel categories, the proportions were noticeably smaller. The situation in Estonia is otherwise the same, but as many as twothirds of the managers did work at home in connection with their principal job. Those in the upper ranks of the personnel hierarchy have more autonomy in choosing the place and time of doing their tasks than other workers have. The work of managers and specialists is often of such a nature that it is possible to do part of it outside the workplace. On the other hand it is also true, at least to a certain extent, that tight schedules impose a rather large quantity of work, and thus overtime. In this case, it remains for the worker to choose exactly when and where the work is done. It can be assumed that the work carried home is fairly often the uncompensated type of overtime work. In Latvia for example, 29 % of those doing their main job partly at home said that they did overtime without any compensation. Of those Latvians who did not work at home, 16 % did uncompensated overtime. In all, uncompensated overtime was done by 19 % of Latvia's working population. 4 In Latvia 55 %, in Estonia 57 % and in Finland 54 % of those doing their job at least partly at home were working in the private sector.
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247 LABOUR POLICY STUDIES Juha Anti
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FOREWORD The working life barometer
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SUMMARY This research study is the
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CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .............
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2 of the state was part of the deve
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4 to; and, in fact, it can be very
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6 PART ONE COUNTRY ESSAYS
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8 Industries: Food, textile, wearin
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10 Since the beginning of the 1990s
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12 As the number of working age pop
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14 2001 the unemployment rate of th
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16 In addition to unemployment bene
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18 the average wage is higher than
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20 proceeding from its economic opp
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LATVIA Jevg_nija Sviridenkova Senio
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24 improved, the institutional set-
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26 Once a year a taxpayer is allowe
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28 The legal framework for enterpri
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30 The aim of economic policy of th
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32 exchange rate ensures stable pri
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34 age population will not fall tha
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36 favourable conditions for invest
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38 conditions for investment and th
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40 The key elements of health promo
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42 Most of the higher educational i
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44 financial intermediation 96 015
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LITHUANIA 46 Gintare Buzinskaite Se
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48 The main legal act is the Consti
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50 According to the data of the cen
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52 money transfer from the EU will
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54 In 1997 the Government of Lithua
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56 without children had the biggest
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58 pensioners work. There were 67.7
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60 The biggest number of job vacanc
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62 Confederation of Lithuanian Indu
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64 Lithuania’s economy is growing
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66 In this section, we will examine
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68 other two countries, and so the
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50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 25% 70 UNION
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72 Trade union representation at th
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74 In any case, the proportion of u
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40% 20% 0% -20% -40% 32% -22% 76 OP
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78 to the trade union movement. In
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80 working hours, the same things w
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82 Lithuania. However, only 15 % of
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…at the workplace together with c
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86 NEGOTIATIONS ON EMPLOYEES' SAFET
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88 more collectivity in negotiation
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SALARY PAYMENT BASIS 90 ESTONIA LAT
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92 Baltic countries are often agree
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94 make the same purchase in Estoni
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96 In this way, the salary distribu
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WOMEN'S AND MEN'S NET SALARIES, 199
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100 The net salaries in the private
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102 women's salaries have improved
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104 portion in 2002 measured by the
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106 NET WAGES AND SALARIES BY DECIL
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108 erage salaries have fallen by 1
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LITHUANIA 110 The rise in consumer
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New workplaces Reorganised Old work
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114 taken into account, Lithuania's
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116 NET WAGES AND SALARIES BY DECIL
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118 In Estonia and Latvia the reorg
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120 MEDIAN SALARY IN 1998 AND 2002
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122 WAGE EARNERS' OWN ESTIMATE OF C
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124 ing people, the managers trust
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126 tively small, and so their sign
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128 clearly higher than in the othe
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130 The most problematic situation
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WEEKLY WORKING HOURS Estonia 132 Th
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134 mainstream in Latvia, since the
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136 Weekly working hours in Lithuan
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138 WORKING OVERTIME DURING A NORMA
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140 Unpaid overtime is more typical
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142 and why do they accept the prev
Page 153 and 154: EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS 144 The trends
Page 155 and 156: 146 of no significance: in practice
Page 157 and 158: 148 PROPORTION OF EMPLOYEES WHO HAV
Page 159 and 160: 150 STRESS FACTORS AND CONFLICTS In
Page 161 and 162: 152 nia has become much more demand
Page 163 and 164: 154 Mean work intensity values (Sca
Page 165 and 166: 60% 40% 20% 0% -20% -40% -60% Durin
Page 167 and 168: LATVIA women men ESTONIA women men
Page 169 and 170: 160 In 2002 in Latvia and Estonia,
Page 171 and 172: LATVIA women men ESTONIA women men
Page 173 and 174: 164 Work safety in Latvia is seen a
Page 175 and 176: CONFLICTS 166 To finish this chapte
Page 177 and 178: 168 In the question of conflicts, E
Page 179 and 180: 170 may be a sign of efficiency; bu
Page 181 and 182: 172 The workers' possibilities of i
Page 183 and 184: 174 sumed that the question of sect
Page 185 and 186: 176 two Baltic countries. This shou
Page 187 and 188: 178 and the private sectors, though
Page 189 and 190: 180 the individuals are allowed to
Page 191 and 192: JOB SATISFACTION 182 When working p
Page 193 and 194: 100% 50% 0% -50% -100% 78% 78% -22%
Page 195 and 196: 186 mosphere assessment between the
Page 197 and 198: 188 aspects are enquired about: 1)
Page 199 and 200: 190 public-sector workers are a lit
Page 201 and 202: 192 sector, where nearly three-quar
Page 203: 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 15% 16% 194 THE P
Page 207 and 208: 198 ised by way of information netw
Page 209 and 210: 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 200 PERSONA
Page 211 and 212: 202 spects is (naturally) the same
Page 213 and 214: 204 tries. Under half (43 %) of all
Page 215 and 216: 206 The ageing workers, therefore,
Page 217 and 218: 208 information technology are grow
Page 219 and 220: 210 PARTICIPATED IN TRAINING PAID B
Page 221 and 222: 212 problem category in Finland are
Page 223 and 224: 214 DEVELOPMENT OF WORK ORGANISATIO
Page 225 and 226: 216 of, room and opportunities shou
Page 227 and 228: 218 been set up, with the aim of pl
Page 229 and 230: 220 PART THREE CURRENT TRENDS AND F
Page 231 and 232: 222 WORKING LIFE TRENDS IN ESTONIA,
Page 233 and 234: 224 HOW HAVE ASSESSMENTS OF WORKING
Page 235 and 236: MEN AND WOMEN 226 The changes takin
Page 237 and 238: 228 Greatest changes 1998 - 2002: E
Page 239 and 240: 230 TRENDS IN ESTONIAN WORKING LIFE
Page 241 and 242: LATVIA 232 The attitudes of the Lat
Page 243 and 244: 234 men have taken a somewhat more
Page 245 and 246: 236 In the oldest age group, there
Page 247 and 248: Meaningfulness Equality Environment
Page 249 and 250: MEN AND WOMEN 240 The increased neg
Page 251 and 252: 242 UNDER 30 YEARS Greatest changes
Page 253 and 254: 244 trend expectations can indeed b
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Meaningfulness Equality Environment
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248 is particularly great. In the v
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250 EXPECTATIONS: ECONOMY OF OWN WO
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252 At the new workplaces establish
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254 DISCUSSION: DIVERGING DEVELOPME
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256 favourable direction and the de
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258 A trend toward normalisation ca
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260 ment staff. It is, in a way, na
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262 still some big changes ahead fo
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264 the salary due from their main
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266 Job satisfaction Job satisfacti
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REFERENCES 268 Alasoini, T.: Suomal
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270 http://www.stat.fi/tk/tp/maailm
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DATA COLLECTION AND SAMPLE DESIGN C
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33. Korkiasaari, Jouni: Siirtolaisi
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110. Aarne Mattila: Cooperation and
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179. Osmo Rahikainen, Pekka Ylösta
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243. Matti Vartiainen, Christina Sw
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