Working Life Barometer in the Baltic Countries 2002 (pdf) - mol.fi

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17 increased the attractiveness and competitiveness of jobs in the public sector on the labour market. During the last few years attempts have been made to apply principles of management according to results? (performance bonuses) in the public sector. A general reform of the wage system in the public sector has been planned for the year 2003. Since the beginning of 2002 the minimum wage for a full-time job established by the government is 1850 Estonian kroons per month. According to statistics this is the amount that 7% of the employees receive. Although as compared to 1998, when the minimum wage was 1100 kroons, this means a 1.7-fold growth, the minimum wage makes up only 33% of the average gross wage in Estonia in 2001. The income tax free minimum per year has increased from 6000 kroons in 1998 to 12 000 kroons in 2002 (that is to 1000 kroons a month) or doubled. As earlier there is a flat 26% income tax on all earnings above the income tax free minimum. This is paid by the employee (deducted from the wages by the employer). In addition, the employer pays 33% payroll tax to cover the state pensions (the first pillar of pension insurance) and health insurance costs. Since the beginning of 2002 all employees pay 1% of their gross earnings into the unemployment insurance fund, to which employers add 0.5% of the payroll. The percentages of these taxes may change in the future. However, according to the unemployment insurance act they have to be in the range from 0.5 to 2% for the employees and from 0.25 to 1% for the employers. In 2001 the average wage in Estonia was 5510 kroons a month. In 1998–2001 the average wage increased by 34% while the consumer price index increased by 21%. As compared to the period 1995–98 the difference between the growth of the average wage and CPI has decreased more than three times. Wage increase, which decelerated until recently, has by today practically stopped. While in 1997 the average wage increased by 18% and in 1998 by 14% as compared to the previous year, then in both 1999 and 2000 the growth was 10% and in 2001, 12%. The gap between the wages in Tallinn and Harju County surrounding the capital and the rest of the country is still great. In 2001 the average wage in Tallinn and Harju County was 6570 kroons. This is 1.7 times as high as in the county with the lowest average wage; moreover, this is the only region where
18 the average wage is higher than the average for the whole country. The average wage is the lowest in the predominantly agricultural region of Southeast Estonia: 3885 kroons in Põlva County and 3878 kroons in Jõgeva County. The gap has been more or less stable for years due to the uneven regional economic development. Investments, especially foreign investments, tend to concentrate into Tallinn and its surroundings. Among other factors the absence of a uniform labour market has resulted in the fact that people from practically all areas of Estonia go to work in Tallinn. Average wages in different fields of activity differ in Estonia about four times. The difference between agriculture, where the wage level is the lowest (average wages in 2001, 3239 kroons), and financial mediation, where the wage level is the highest (average wage in 2001, 12 249 kroons), has stayed practically unchanged. The differences in the wages between sectors are higher than they should be considering the differences between work and working conditions. Also la perra vita in the sphere of education has not changed. The average wage is lower than in education (where it was 4770 kroons in 2001) only in hotels and restaurants (3771 kroons) and in agriculture (2823 kroons) and fishing (3936). Certain fields of activity (especially construction and services) still pay a sizeable part of the wages without paying taxes. The Statistical Office estimates that the proportion of shadow economy is presently about 12–15% of GDP in Estonia. Thus, the importance of shadow economy has fallen in recent years to some extent. No doubt, amendments to legislation made in 1998 have played an important role here. The payroll tax collected was personalised, that is the future pension of the employee depends on the payroll tax paid on his(her) wages to increase the interest of employees in legal pay. Still, hidden incomes in Estonia are high. This means that we have to be critical about the above-presented proportion of employees earning only minimum wages. WELFARE In 2001 the average monthly net income per household member was 2289 kroons in Estonia. Income from wage work was the greatest source of income making up 63%. Next came transfers from the government – on average 25%.
Page 1 and 2: 247 LABOUR POLICY STUDIES Juha Anti
Page 4 and 5: FOREWORD The working life barometer
Page 6 and 7: SUMMARY This research study is the
Page 8: CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .............
Page 11 and 12: 2 of the state was part of the deve
Page 13 and 14: 4 to; and, in fact, it can be very
Page 15 and 16: 6 PART ONE COUNTRY ESSAYS
Page 17 and 18: 8 Industries: Food, textile, wearin
Page 19 and 20: 10 Since the beginning of the 1990s
Page 21 and 22: 12 As the number of working age pop
Page 23 and 24: 14 2001 the unemployment rate of th
Page 25: 16 In addition to unemployment bene
Page 29 and 30: 20 proceeding from its economic opp
Page 31 and 32: LATVIA Jevg_nija Sviridenkova Senio
Page 33 and 34: 24 improved, the institutional set-
Page 35 and 36: 26 Once a year a taxpayer is allowe
Page 37 and 38: 28 The legal framework for enterpri
Page 39 and 40: 30 The aim of economic policy of th
Page 41 and 42: 32 exchange rate ensures stable pri
Page 43 and 44: 34 age population will not fall tha
Page 45 and 46: 36 favourable conditions for invest
Page 47 and 48: 38 conditions for investment and th
Page 49 and 50: 40 The key elements of health promo
Page 51 and 52: 42 Most of the higher educational i
Page 53 and 54: 44 financial intermediation 96 015
Page 55 and 56: LITHUANIA 46 Gintare Buzinskaite Se
Page 57 and 58: 48 The main legal act is the Consti
Page 59 and 60: 50 According to the data of the cen
Page 61 and 62: 52 money transfer from the EU will
Page 63 and 64: 54 In 1997 the Government of Lithua
Page 65 and 66: 56 without children had the biggest
Page 67 and 68: 58 pensioners work. There were 67.7
Page 69 and 70: 60 The biggest number of job vacanc
Page 71 and 72: 62 Confederation of Lithuanian Indu
Page 73 and 74: 64 Lithuania’s economy is growing
Page 75 and 76: 66 In this section, we will examine
Page 77 and 78:
68 other two countries, and so the
Page 79 and 80:
50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 25% 70 UNION
Page 81 and 82:
72 Trade union representation at th
Page 83 and 84:
74 In any case, the proportion of u
Page 85 and 86:
40% 20% 0% -20% -40% 32% -22% 76 OP
Page 87 and 88:
78 to the trade union movement. In
Page 89 and 90:
80 working hours, the same things w
Page 91 and 92:
82 Lithuania. However, only 15 % of
Page 93 and 94:
…at the workplace together with c
Page 95 and 96:
86 NEGOTIATIONS ON EMPLOYEES' SAFET
Page 97 and 98:
88 more collectivity in negotiation
Page 99 and 100:
SALARY PAYMENT BASIS 90 ESTONIA LAT
Page 101 and 102:
92 Baltic countries are often agree
Page 103 and 104:
94 make the same purchase in Estoni
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96 In this way, the salary distribu
Page 107 and 108:
WOMEN'S AND MEN'S NET SALARIES, 199
Page 109 and 110:
100 The net salaries in the private
Page 111 and 112:
102 women's salaries have improved
Page 113 and 114:
104 portion in 2002 measured by the
Page 115 and 116:
106 NET WAGES AND SALARIES BY DECIL
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108 erage salaries have fallen by 1
Page 119 and 120:
LITHUANIA 110 The rise in consumer
Page 121 and 122:
New workplaces Reorganised Old work
Page 123 and 124:
114 taken into account, Lithuania's
Page 125 and 126:
116 NET WAGES AND SALARIES BY DECIL
Page 127 and 128:
118 In Estonia and Latvia the reorg
Page 129 and 130:
120 MEDIAN SALARY IN 1998 AND 2002
Page 131 and 132:
122 WAGE EARNERS' OWN ESTIMATE OF C
Page 133 and 134:
124 ing people, the managers trust
Page 135 and 136:
126 tively small, and so their sign
Page 137 and 138:
128 clearly higher than in the othe
Page 139 and 140:
130 The most problematic situation
Page 141 and 142:
WEEKLY WORKING HOURS Estonia 132 Th
Page 143 and 144:
134 mainstream in Latvia, since the
Page 145 and 146:
136 Weekly working hours in Lithuan
Page 147 and 148:
138 WORKING OVERTIME DURING A NORMA
Page 149 and 150:
140 Unpaid overtime is more typical
Page 151 and 152:
142 and why do they accept the prev
Page 153 and 154:
EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS 144 The trends
Page 155 and 156:
146 of no significance: in practice
Page 157 and 158:
148 PROPORTION OF EMPLOYEES WHO HAV
Page 159 and 160:
150 STRESS FACTORS AND CONFLICTS In
Page 161 and 162:
152 nia has become much more demand
Page 163 and 164:
154 Mean work intensity values (Sca
Page 165 and 166:
60% 40% 20% 0% -20% -40% -60% Durin
Page 167 and 168:
LATVIA women men ESTONIA women men
Page 169 and 170:
160 In 2002 in Latvia and Estonia,
Page 171 and 172:
LATVIA women men ESTONIA women men
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164 Work safety in Latvia is seen a
Page 175 and 176:
CONFLICTS 166 To finish this chapte
Page 177 and 178:
168 In the question of conflicts, E
Page 179 and 180:
170 may be a sign of efficiency; bu
Page 181 and 182:
172 The workers' possibilities of i
Page 183 and 184:
174 sumed that the question of sect
Page 185 and 186:
176 two Baltic countries. This shou
Page 187 and 188:
178 and the private sectors, though
Page 189 and 190:
180 the individuals are allowed to
Page 191 and 192:
JOB SATISFACTION 182 When working p
Page 193 and 194:
100% 50% 0% -50% -100% 78% 78% -22%
Page 195 and 196:
186 mosphere assessment between the
Page 197 and 198:
188 aspects are enquired about: 1)
Page 199 and 200:
190 public-sector workers are a lit
Page 201 and 202:
192 sector, where nearly three-quar
Page 203 and 204:
20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 15% 16% 194 THE P
Page 205 and 206:
196 home in connection with their m
Page 207 and 208:
198 ised by way of information netw
Page 209 and 210:
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 200 PERSONA
Page 211 and 212:
202 spects is (naturally) the same
Page 213 and 214:
204 tries. Under half (43 %) of all
Page 215 and 216:
206 The ageing workers, therefore,
Page 217 and 218:
208 information technology are grow
Page 219 and 220:
210 PARTICIPATED IN TRAINING PAID B
Page 221 and 222:
212 problem category in Finland are
Page 223 and 224:
214 DEVELOPMENT OF WORK ORGANISATIO
Page 225 and 226:
216 of, room and opportunities shou
Page 227 and 228:
218 been set up, with the aim of pl
Page 229 and 230:
220 PART THREE CURRENT TRENDS AND F
Page 231 and 232:
222 WORKING LIFE TRENDS IN ESTONIA,
Page 233 and 234:
224 HOW HAVE ASSESSMENTS OF WORKING
Page 235 and 236:
MEN AND WOMEN 226 The changes takin
Page 237 and 238:
228 Greatest changes 1998 - 2002: E
Page 239 and 240:
230 TRENDS IN ESTONIAN WORKING LIFE
Page 241 and 242:
LATVIA 232 The attitudes of the Lat
Page 243 and 244:
234 men have taken a somewhat more
Page 245 and 246:
236 In the oldest age group, there
Page 247 and 248:
Meaningfulness Equality Environment
Page 249 and 250:
MEN AND WOMEN 240 The increased neg
Page 251 and 252:
242 UNDER 30 YEARS Greatest changes
Page 253 and 254:
244 trend expectations can indeed b
Page 255 and 256:
Meaningfulness Equality Environment
Page 257 and 258:
248 is particularly great. In the v
Page 259 and 260:
250 EXPECTATIONS: ECONOMY OF OWN WO
Page 261 and 262:
252 At the new workplaces establish
Page 263 and 264:
254 DISCUSSION: DIVERGING DEVELOPME
Page 265 and 266:
256 favourable direction and the de
Page 267 and 268:
258 A trend toward normalisation ca
Page 269 and 270:
260 ment staff. It is, in a way, na
Page 271 and 272:
262 still some big changes ahead fo
Page 273 and 274:
264 the salary due from their main
Page 275 and 276:
266 Job satisfaction Job satisfacti
Page 277 and 278:
REFERENCES 268 Alasoini, T.: Suomal
Page 279 and 280:
270 http://www.stat.fi/tk/tp/maailm
Page 290:
DATA COLLECTION AND SAMPLE DESIGN C
Page 320 and 321:
33. Korkiasaari, Jouni: Siirtolaisi
Page 322 and 323:
110. Aarne Mattila: Cooperation and
Page 324 and 325:
179. Osmo Rahikainen, Pekka Ylösta
Page 326 and 327:
243. Matti Vartiainen, Christina Sw
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