Working Life Barometer in the Baltic Countries 2002 (pdf) - mol.fi

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21 acknowledging professional qualifications obtained in foreign countries. All this guarantees that inhabitants of Estonia have equal ac In the 1990s educational stratification in Estonia deepened: the number of young people who had reached school-leaving age but had not obtained secondary education (or primary education) increased, simultaneously the number of those eager to acquire a higher education also increased. A drastic rise in the number of students at higher educational level could be regarded as the most important tendency in the second half of the 1990s; partly this was a consequence of the development of private higher schools and universities. While in 1995 Estonia had 7 universities with only one of them private then in 2001 the number of universities was 16 of which 10 were private. In 1995 the total number of students at private higher schools was less than 5000, but in 2001 already over 12 thousand. In addition in 2001 public-legal universities had over 17 thousand more students than six years ago and nearly 3000 more than in 2000. The number of students at state universities paying tuition fees has also been continuously increasing, and presently the total number of students whose studies are not financed from the state budget makes up nearly half of the total number of students. Higher education as a whole is characterised by an increasing tendency towards social sciences, business and law and deepening gender disproportions in favour of women. The reputation of vocational education has remained low regardless of the reforms. Sources Estonian Economy: 2001 in review. Ministry of Economic Affairs. April 2002 Labour Force 2001. Statistical Office of Estonia 2002 Social Trends 2. Statistical Office of Estonia 2001 Statistical Yearbook of Estonia 2002. Statistical Office of Estonia
LATVIA Jevg_nija Sviridenkova Senior Desk Officer of Public Sector Pay Division Economy Analysis and Fiscal Policy Department, Ministry of Finance BASIC FACTS ABOUT LATVIA Location: Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Estonia and Lithuania Capital: Riga Area: total: 64,589 sq km water: 1,000 sq km land: 63,589 sq km Land boundaries: total: 1,150 km border countries: Belarus 141 km, Estonia 339 km, Lithuania 453 km, Russia 217 km Natural resources: peat, limestone, dolomite, hydropower, wood, arable land, minimal; amber Population: 2,366,515 (July 2002) Population growth -0.77% (July 2002) rate: Life expectancy at birth: 22 total population: 69 years female: 75.17 years (July 2002) male: 63.13 years Ethnic groups: Latvian 57.7%, Russian 29.6%, Belarusian 4.1%, Ukrainian 2.7%, Polish 2.5%, Lithuanian 1.4%, other 2% Religions: Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Russian Orthodox Languages: Latvian (official), Lithuanian, Russian, other Government type: Parliamentary democracy Independence: 21 August 1991 Constitution: the 1991 Constitutional Law which supplements the 1922 constitution, provides for basic rights and freedoms Legal system: based on civil law system Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal for Latvian citizens Executive branch: chief of state: President Vaira VIKE-FREIBERGA (since 8 July 1999) head of government: Prime Minister Einars REP_E (since 7 November 2002) cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and appointed by the Parliament elections: president elected by Parliament for a four-year term Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament or Saeima (100 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms)
Page 1 and 2: 247 LABOUR POLICY STUDIES Juha Anti
Page 4 and 5: FOREWORD The working life barometer
Page 6 and 7: SUMMARY This research study is the
Page 8: CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .............
Page 11 and 12: 2 of the state was part of the deve
Page 13 and 14: 4 to; and, in fact, it can be very
Page 15 and 16: 6 PART ONE COUNTRY ESSAYS
Page 17 and 18: 8 Industries: Food, textile, wearin
Page 19 and 20: 10 Since the beginning of the 1990s
Page 21 and 22: 12 As the number of working age pop
Page 23 and 24: 14 2001 the unemployment rate of th
Page 25 and 26: 16 In addition to unemployment bene
Page 27 and 28: 18 the average wage is higher than
Page 29: 20 proceeding from its economic opp
Page 33 and 34: 24 improved, the institutional set-
Page 35 and 36: 26 Once a year a taxpayer is allowe
Page 37 and 38: 28 The legal framework for enterpri
Page 39 and 40: 30 The aim of economic policy of th
Page 41 and 42: 32 exchange rate ensures stable pri
Page 43 and 44: 34 age population will not fall tha
Page 45 and 46: 36 favourable conditions for invest
Page 47 and 48: 38 conditions for investment and th
Page 49 and 50: 40 The key elements of health promo
Page 51 and 52: 42 Most of the higher educational i
Page 53 and 54: 44 financial intermediation 96 015
Page 55 and 56: LITHUANIA 46 Gintare Buzinskaite Se
Page 57 and 58: 48 The main legal act is the Consti
Page 59 and 60: 50 According to the data of the cen
Page 61 and 62: 52 money transfer from the EU will
Page 63 and 64: 54 In 1997 the Government of Lithua
Page 65 and 66: 56 without children had the biggest
Page 67 and 68: 58 pensioners work. There were 67.7
Page 69 and 70: 60 The biggest number of job vacanc
Page 71 and 72: 62 Confederation of Lithuanian Indu
Page 73 and 74: 64 Lithuania’s economy is growing
Page 75 and 76: 66 In this section, we will examine
Page 77 and 78: 68 other two countries, and so the
Page 79 and 80: 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 25% 70 UNION
Page 81 and 82:
72 Trade union representation at th
Page 83 and 84:
74 In any case, the proportion of u
Page 85 and 86:
40% 20% 0% -20% -40% 32% -22% 76 OP
Page 87 and 88:
78 to the trade union movement. In
Page 89 and 90:
80 working hours, the same things w
Page 91 and 92:
82 Lithuania. However, only 15 % of
Page 93 and 94:
…at the workplace together with c
Page 95 and 96:
86 NEGOTIATIONS ON EMPLOYEES' SAFET
Page 97 and 98:
88 more collectivity in negotiation
Page 99 and 100:
SALARY PAYMENT BASIS 90 ESTONIA LAT
Page 101 and 102:
92 Baltic countries are often agree
Page 103 and 104:
94 make the same purchase in Estoni
Page 105 and 106:
96 In this way, the salary distribu
Page 107 and 108:
WOMEN'S AND MEN'S NET SALARIES, 199
Page 109 and 110:
100 The net salaries in the private
Page 111 and 112:
102 women's salaries have improved
Page 113 and 114:
104 portion in 2002 measured by the
Page 115 and 116:
106 NET WAGES AND SALARIES BY DECIL
Page 117 and 118:
108 erage salaries have fallen by 1
Page 119 and 120:
LITHUANIA 110 The rise in consumer
Page 121 and 122:
New workplaces Reorganised Old work
Page 123 and 124:
114 taken into account, Lithuania's
Page 125 and 126:
116 NET WAGES AND SALARIES BY DECIL
Page 127 and 128:
118 In Estonia and Latvia the reorg
Page 129 and 130:
120 MEDIAN SALARY IN 1998 AND 2002
Page 131 and 132:
122 WAGE EARNERS' OWN ESTIMATE OF C
Page 133 and 134:
124 ing people, the managers trust
Page 135 and 136:
126 tively small, and so their sign
Page 137 and 138:
128 clearly higher than in the othe
Page 139 and 140:
130 The most problematic situation
Page 141 and 142:
WEEKLY WORKING HOURS Estonia 132 Th
Page 143 and 144:
134 mainstream in Latvia, since the
Page 145 and 146:
136 Weekly working hours in Lithuan
Page 147 and 148:
138 WORKING OVERTIME DURING A NORMA
Page 149 and 150:
140 Unpaid overtime is more typical
Page 151 and 152:
142 and why do they accept the prev
Page 153 and 154:
EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS 144 The trends
Page 155 and 156:
146 of no significance: in practice
Page 157 and 158:
148 PROPORTION OF EMPLOYEES WHO HAV
Page 159 and 160:
150 STRESS FACTORS AND CONFLICTS In
Page 161 and 162:
152 nia has become much more demand
Page 163 and 164:
154 Mean work intensity values (Sca
Page 165 and 166:
60% 40% 20% 0% -20% -40% -60% Durin
Page 167 and 168:
LATVIA women men ESTONIA women men
Page 169 and 170:
160 In 2002 in Latvia and Estonia,
Page 171 and 172:
LATVIA women men ESTONIA women men
Page 173 and 174:
164 Work safety in Latvia is seen a
Page 175 and 176:
CONFLICTS 166 To finish this chapte
Page 177 and 178:
168 In the question of conflicts, E
Page 179 and 180:
170 may be a sign of efficiency; bu
Page 181 and 182:
172 The workers' possibilities of i
Page 183 and 184:
174 sumed that the question of sect
Page 185 and 186:
176 two Baltic countries. This shou
Page 187 and 188:
178 and the private sectors, though
Page 189 and 190:
180 the individuals are allowed to
Page 191 and 192:
JOB SATISFACTION 182 When working p
Page 193 and 194:
100% 50% 0% -50% -100% 78% 78% -22%
Page 195 and 196:
186 mosphere assessment between the
Page 197 and 198:
188 aspects are enquired about: 1)
Page 199 and 200:
190 public-sector workers are a lit
Page 201 and 202:
192 sector, where nearly three-quar
Page 203 and 204:
20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 15% 16% 194 THE P
Page 205 and 206:
196 home in connection with their m
Page 207 and 208:
198 ised by way of information netw
Page 209 and 210:
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 200 PERSONA
Page 211 and 212:
202 spects is (naturally) the same
Page 213 and 214:
204 tries. Under half (43 %) of all
Page 215 and 216:
206 The ageing workers, therefore,
Page 217 and 218:
208 information technology are grow
Page 219 and 220:
210 PARTICIPATED IN TRAINING PAID B
Page 221 and 222:
212 problem category in Finland are
Page 223 and 224:
214 DEVELOPMENT OF WORK ORGANISATIO
Page 225 and 226:
216 of, room and opportunities shou
Page 227 and 228:
218 been set up, with the aim of pl
Page 229 and 230:
220 PART THREE CURRENT TRENDS AND F
Page 231 and 232:
222 WORKING LIFE TRENDS IN ESTONIA,
Page 233 and 234:
224 HOW HAVE ASSESSMENTS OF WORKING
Page 235 and 236:
MEN AND WOMEN 226 The changes takin
Page 237 and 238:
228 Greatest changes 1998 - 2002: E
Page 239 and 240:
230 TRENDS IN ESTONIAN WORKING LIFE
Page 241 and 242:
LATVIA 232 The attitudes of the Lat
Page 243 and 244:
234 men have taken a somewhat more
Page 245 and 246:
236 In the oldest age group, there
Page 247 and 248:
Meaningfulness Equality Environment
Page 249 and 250:
MEN AND WOMEN 240 The increased neg
Page 251 and 252:
242 UNDER 30 YEARS Greatest changes
Page 253 and 254:
244 trend expectations can indeed b
Page 255 and 256:
Meaningfulness Equality Environment
Page 257 and 258:
248 is particularly great. In the v
Page 259 and 260:
250 EXPECTATIONS: ECONOMY OF OWN WO
Page 261 and 262:
252 At the new workplaces establish
Page 263 and 264:
254 DISCUSSION: DIVERGING DEVELOPME
Page 265 and 266:
256 favourable direction and the de
Page 267 and 268:
258 A trend toward normalisation ca
Page 269 and 270:
260 ment staff. It is, in a way, na
Page 271 and 272:
262 still some big changes ahead fo
Page 273 and 274:
264 the salary due from their main
Page 275 and 276:
266 Job satisfaction Job satisfacti
Page 277 and 278:
REFERENCES 268 Alasoini, T.: Suomal
Page 279 and 280:
270 http://www.stat.fi/tk/tp/maailm
Page 290:
DATA COLLECTION AND SAMPLE DESIGN C
Page 320 and 321:
33. Korkiasaari, Jouni: Siirtolaisi
Page 322 and 323:
110. Aarne Mattila: Cooperation and
Page 324 and 325:
179. Osmo Rahikainen, Pekka Ylösta
Page 326 and 327:
243. Matti Vartiainen, Christina Sw
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