Working Life Barometer in the Baltic Countries 2002 (pdf) - mol.fi

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SUMMARY This research study is the second Working Life Barometer concerning the Baltic nations. Its purpose is to examine the current state of Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian working life and recent changes in it. The results of the barometer are representative - that is, they reflect the overall working life situation in each of the countries. Besides monitoring changes within the Baltic nations and making comparisons between them, it is also possible to compare the results with those for Finland. The study is part of the co-operation with neighbouring areas implemented by the Finnish Ministry of Labour. The subjects of the survey were working people (both wage earners and entrepreneurs) aged 16-64 years in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. It covered 900 working people in Estonia, 904 in Latvia and 909 in Lithuania. They were interviewed in their own homes for the survey. The questionnaire form used in the interviews had been prepared in co-operation by the project researchers together with experts on working life from the countries under study. Local market research institutes were responsible for selecting the sample and carrying out the interviews. The research report is divided into three parts. The first part contains essays written by local experts with the purpose of giving an overall picture of the countries to be examined. The second part is the actual Working Life Barometer, which is based on the research data collected specifically for this study. It comprises nine themes: unionisation and bargaining, salary and livelihood, working time and contracts, stress factors, wage earners’ possibilities of influencing their jobs, job satisfaction, telework and information technology in working life, job-related training and development of work organisations. The third part of the book is about current trends and future expectations. On the surface, observed from afar, the Baltic countries appear similar, but there are considerable differences in the practices that they follow in working life. In Estonia, the development in working life in recent years has been quite steady and even; and it has, on the whole, been positive. The trend has been towards ”normalisation”. This means, among other things, a decrease in ex-
cessively long working hours and thus in overtime; a decrease in work done in return for black income; fewer delays in salary payment; and a narrowing of the gap between men's and women's salaries. The relatively few possibilities for wage earners to influence their own jobs constituted a significant problem, however. In Latvia, the changes in the last few years have been rather few. Trade union membership is still more widespread in Latvia than in Estonia and Lithuania, though the trend is downward. Long working weeks are still common in the private sector, and the situation has not changed significantly in recent years. As to employment relationships, the situation gives cause for concern. Only slightly over half the working people have a permanent employment contract agreed in writing. Already in the previous survey this proportion was smaller than in the other countries compared, and now it has diminished still further. Though various conflicts at the workplace have increased, the level of job satisfaction is still quite good. Furthermore, the working people consider that they have good possibilities of influencing their work tasks. In Lithuania, a lot of changes have taken place in recent years. The developments have been contradictory. Female private-sector workers experienced working life as arduous and problematic; the greatest disadvantages affected this group. In the public sector, on the other hand, satisfaction is considerably higher - although there also, the men's working pace especially has clearly intensified. Positive factors of Lithuanian working life include reduced salary differences between men and women, increased possibilities for wage earners to influence their jobs, and a decrease in illegitimate work agreements. Among the problems are long working hours in the private sector, uncompensated overtime, delays in salary payment, a considerable increase in work intensity, and a low incidence of work-related training. Keywords: The Baltic countries, quality of working life, transition of working life
Page 1 and 2: 247 LABOUR POLICY STUDIES Juha Anti
Page 4 and 5: FOREWORD The working life barometer
Page 8: CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .............
Page 11 and 12: 2 of the state was part of the deve
Page 13 and 14: 4 to; and, in fact, it can be very
Page 15 and 16: 6 PART ONE COUNTRY ESSAYS
Page 17 and 18: 8 Industries: Food, textile, wearin
Page 19 and 20: 10 Since the beginning of the 1990s
Page 21 and 22: 12 As the number of working age pop
Page 23 and 24: 14 2001 the unemployment rate of th
Page 25 and 26: 16 In addition to unemployment bene
Page 27 and 28: 18 the average wage is higher than
Page 29 and 30: 20 proceeding from its economic opp
Page 31 and 32: LATVIA Jevg_nija Sviridenkova Senio
Page 33 and 34: 24 improved, the institutional set-
Page 35 and 36: 26 Once a year a taxpayer is allowe
Page 37 and 38: 28 The legal framework for enterpri
Page 39 and 40: 30 The aim of economic policy of th
Page 41 and 42: 32 exchange rate ensures stable pri
Page 43 and 44: 34 age population will not fall tha
Page 45 and 46: 36 favourable conditions for invest
Page 47 and 48: 38 conditions for investment and th
Page 49 and 50: 40 The key elements of health promo
Page 51 and 52: 42 Most of the higher educational i
Page 53 and 54: 44 financial intermediation 96 015
Page 55 and 56: LITHUANIA 46 Gintare Buzinskaite Se
Page 57 and 58:
48 The main legal act is the Consti
Page 59 and 60:
50 According to the data of the cen
Page 61 and 62:
52 money transfer from the EU will
Page 63 and 64:
54 In 1997 the Government of Lithua
Page 65 and 66:
56 without children had the biggest
Page 67 and 68:
58 pensioners work. There were 67.7
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60 The biggest number of job vacanc
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62 Confederation of Lithuanian Indu
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64 Lithuania’s economy is growing
Page 75 and 76:
66 In this section, we will examine
Page 77 and 78:
68 other two countries, and so the
Page 79 and 80:
50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 25% 70 UNION
Page 81 and 82:
72 Trade union representation at th
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74 In any case, the proportion of u
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40% 20% 0% -20% -40% 32% -22% 76 OP
Page 87 and 88:
78 to the trade union movement. In
Page 89 and 90:
80 working hours, the same things w
Page 91 and 92:
82 Lithuania. However, only 15 % of
Page 93 and 94:
…at the workplace together with c
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86 NEGOTIATIONS ON EMPLOYEES' SAFET
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88 more collectivity in negotiation
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SALARY PAYMENT BASIS 90 ESTONIA LAT
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92 Baltic countries are often agree
Page 103 and 104:
94 make the same purchase in Estoni
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96 In this way, the salary distribu
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WOMEN'S AND MEN'S NET SALARIES, 199
Page 109 and 110:
100 The net salaries in the private
Page 111 and 112:
102 women's salaries have improved
Page 113 and 114:
104 portion in 2002 measured by the
Page 115 and 116:
106 NET WAGES AND SALARIES BY DECIL
Page 117 and 118:
108 erage salaries have fallen by 1
Page 119 and 120:
LITHUANIA 110 The rise in consumer
Page 121 and 122:
New workplaces Reorganised Old work
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114 taken into account, Lithuania's
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116 NET WAGES AND SALARIES BY DECIL
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118 In Estonia and Latvia the reorg
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120 MEDIAN SALARY IN 1998 AND 2002
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122 WAGE EARNERS' OWN ESTIMATE OF C
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124 ing people, the managers trust
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126 tively small, and so their sign
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128 clearly higher than in the othe
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130 The most problematic situation
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WEEKLY WORKING HOURS Estonia 132 Th
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134 mainstream in Latvia, since the
Page 145 and 146:
136 Weekly working hours in Lithuan
Page 147 and 148:
138 WORKING OVERTIME DURING A NORMA
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140 Unpaid overtime is more typical
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142 and why do they accept the prev
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EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS 144 The trends
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146 of no significance: in practice
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148 PROPORTION OF EMPLOYEES WHO HAV
Page 159 and 160:
150 STRESS FACTORS AND CONFLICTS In
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152 nia has become much more demand
Page 163 and 164:
154 Mean work intensity values (Sca
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60% 40% 20% 0% -20% -40% -60% Durin
Page 167 and 168:
LATVIA women men ESTONIA women men
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160 In 2002 in Latvia and Estonia,
Page 171 and 172:
LATVIA women men ESTONIA women men
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164 Work safety in Latvia is seen a
Page 175 and 176:
CONFLICTS 166 To finish this chapte
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168 In the question of conflicts, E
Page 179 and 180:
170 may be a sign of efficiency; bu
Page 181 and 182:
172 The workers' possibilities of i
Page 183 and 184:
174 sumed that the question of sect
Page 185 and 186:
176 two Baltic countries. This shou
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178 and the private sectors, though
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180 the individuals are allowed to
Page 191 and 192:
JOB SATISFACTION 182 When working p
Page 193 and 194:
100% 50% 0% -50% -100% 78% 78% -22%
Page 195 and 196:
186 mosphere assessment between the
Page 197 and 198:
188 aspects are enquired about: 1)
Page 199 and 200:
190 public-sector workers are a lit
Page 201 and 202:
192 sector, where nearly three-quar
Page 203 and 204:
20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 15% 16% 194 THE P
Page 205 and 206:
196 home in connection with their m
Page 207 and 208:
198 ised by way of information netw
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 200 PERSONA
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202 spects is (naturally) the same
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204 tries. Under half (43 %) of all
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206 The ageing workers, therefore,
Page 217 and 218:
208 information technology are grow
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210 PARTICIPATED IN TRAINING PAID B
Page 221 and 222:
212 problem category in Finland are
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214 DEVELOPMENT OF WORK ORGANISATIO
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216 of, room and opportunities shou
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218 been set up, with the aim of pl
Page 229 and 230:
220 PART THREE CURRENT TRENDS AND F
Page 231 and 232:
222 WORKING LIFE TRENDS IN ESTONIA,
Page 233 and 234:
224 HOW HAVE ASSESSMENTS OF WORKING
Page 235 and 236:
MEN AND WOMEN 226 The changes takin
Page 237 and 238:
228 Greatest changes 1998 - 2002: E
Page 239 and 240:
230 TRENDS IN ESTONIAN WORKING LIFE
Page 241 and 242:
LATVIA 232 The attitudes of the Lat
Page 243 and 244:
234 men have taken a somewhat more
Page 245 and 246:
236 In the oldest age group, there
Page 247 and 248:
Meaningfulness Equality Environment
Page 249 and 250:
MEN AND WOMEN 240 The increased neg
Page 251 and 252:
242 UNDER 30 YEARS Greatest changes
Page 253 and 254:
244 trend expectations can indeed b
Page 255 and 256:
Meaningfulness Equality Environment
Page 257 and 258:
248 is particularly great. In the v
Page 259 and 260:
250 EXPECTATIONS: ECONOMY OF OWN WO
Page 261 and 262:
252 At the new workplaces establish
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254 DISCUSSION: DIVERGING DEVELOPME
Page 265 and 266:
256 favourable direction and the de
Page 267 and 268:
258 A trend toward normalisation ca
Page 269 and 270:
260 ment staff. It is, in a way, na
Page 271 and 272:
262 still some big changes ahead fo
Page 273 and 274:
264 the salary due from their main
Page 275 and 276:
266 Job satisfaction Job satisfacti
Page 277 and 278:
REFERENCES 268 Alasoini, T.: Suomal
Page 279 and 280:
270 http://www.stat.fi/tk/tp/maailm
Page 290:
DATA COLLECTION AND SAMPLE DESIGN C
Page 320 and 321:
33. Korkiasaari, Jouni: Siirtolaisi
Page 322 and 323:
110. Aarne Mattila: Cooperation and
Page 324 and 325:
179. Osmo Rahikainen, Pekka Ylösta
Page 326 and 327:
243. Matti Vartiainen, Christina Sw
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