Working Life Barometer in the Baltic Countries 2002 (pdf) - mol.fi

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255 Beneath the surface of this similarity, however, there are significant differences between them. This study concentrated on the quality of working life, its present state, and changes taking place in it. Undeniable differences could be found between the countries. Their similar backgrounds and starting-points have given rise to rather different sociopolitical solutions, which have been reflected either directly or indirectly in economic and working life. In this research study, the Baltic countries have been purposefully compared among each other; and in many aspects, Finland has been used as a benchmark or reference point. Nevertheless, the primary intention has not been to create an apparent ranking order between the countries through some kind of competitive scenario; nor has the aim been to give them suggestions or programmes of action. The task of this study is to stimulate discussion on the state of working life in the countries concerned and on the changes that have taken place in it in recent years, as well as to serve as a data bank on working life topics. The present and future challenges faced by the Baltic nations, like those for other countries in transition, are quite similar. The advantage of low prices which the Baltic countries now enjoy, and which is mainly due to low salaries, is likely to grow smaller year by year. When this happens, then - as in any other developed industrial country - both the enterprises and the employees will have to give more and more priority to quality, reliability of delivery etc. in order to keep the production inside the country. This study examined the changes from within working life and from the viewpoint of ordinary working people. The comparison of three different countries and three different strategies of change made this study interesting. It is obvious that the different choices toward progress can accordingly be seen in clear differences of quality and trends in working life. In what follows, a short summary of the research results is given for each of the Baltic countries. ESTONIA The overall picture of Estonian working life reveals a development toward ”normalisation”. In many of its single aspects, progress has been made in a
256 favourable direction and the development has, on the whole, been very evenly distributed. Estonia is the only Baltic country where the membership drain from the trade unions has halted and the trend has taken a slight turn for the better. Nevertheless, the proportion of working people who belong to trade unions is still only fairly small (14 %). In Estonia, as in the other Baltic nations, the trade union members are mainly public-sector workers. The new members, too, are public sector workers; the degree of unionisation in the private sector is at exactly the same level as in the previous study just over three years ago (8 %). Moreover, the membership is weighted not only according to sector, but also according to age and nationality. Ageing workers more frequently belong to trade unions than young ones do. Similarly, it is more common for Russians to be union members than it is for Estonian nationals. Gender, on the other hand, has no significant bearing on union membership. A considerable problem for trade unions in Estonia is that only quite a small percentage of Estonia's working personnel (14 %) know what the unions do nowadays. One development that can be reckoned as positive is the narrowing of the salary gap between the genders. On average, however, it is clear that the women still earn much less than the men; and so, even though the trend has been positive, the situation can by no means be regarded as particularly good. Taken as a whole, the difference in salary between the genders is at present about 30 %. At new workplaces, the salary differences between men and women are at their greatest - although there, too, some evening out has taken place. In the earlier survey (in the latter part of 1998), the women's salaries at the new workplaces averaged only 56 % of the men's; in this study, the corresponding figure was 63 %. Thus, despite the positive trend, the gender gap in salaries is still great. The smallest differences between them are at the old state workplaces. The overall development in earnings, however, is problematic, since only about one-tenth of the working people believed that their real purchasing power would improve during the following year. The men were clearly more optimistic than the women in this respect. Estonia's workers took a pessimistic view not only of their own economic development, but also of the employment development in the country as a whole.
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247 LABOUR POLICY STUDIES Juha Anti
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FOREWORD The working life barometer
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SUMMARY This research study is the
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CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .............
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2 of the state was part of the deve
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4 to; and, in fact, it can be very
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6 PART ONE COUNTRY ESSAYS
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8 Industries: Food, textile, wearin
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10 Since the beginning of the 1990s
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12 As the number of working age pop
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14 2001 the unemployment rate of th
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16 In addition to unemployment bene
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18 the average wage is higher than
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20 proceeding from its economic opp
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LATVIA Jevg_nija Sviridenkova Senio
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24 improved, the institutional set-
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26 Once a year a taxpayer is allowe
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28 The legal framework for enterpri
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30 The aim of economic policy of th
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32 exchange rate ensures stable pri
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34 age population will not fall tha
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36 favourable conditions for invest
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38 conditions for investment and th
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40 The key elements of health promo
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42 Most of the higher educational i
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44 financial intermediation 96 015
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LITHUANIA 46 Gintare Buzinskaite Se
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48 The main legal act is the Consti
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50 According to the data of the cen
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52 money transfer from the EU will
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54 In 1997 the Government of Lithua
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56 without children had the biggest
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58 pensioners work. There were 67.7
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60 The biggest number of job vacanc
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62 Confederation of Lithuanian Indu
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64 Lithuania’s economy is growing
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66 In this section, we will examine
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68 other two countries, and so the
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50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 25% 70 UNION
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72 Trade union representation at th
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74 In any case, the proportion of u
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40% 20% 0% -20% -40% 32% -22% 76 OP
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78 to the trade union movement. In
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80 working hours, the same things w
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82 Lithuania. However, only 15 % of
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…at the workplace together with c
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86 NEGOTIATIONS ON EMPLOYEES' SAFET
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88 more collectivity in negotiation
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SALARY PAYMENT BASIS 90 ESTONIA LAT
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92 Baltic countries are often agree
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94 make the same purchase in Estoni
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96 In this way, the salary distribu
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WOMEN'S AND MEN'S NET SALARIES, 199
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100 The net salaries in the private
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102 women's salaries have improved
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104 portion in 2002 measured by the
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106 NET WAGES AND SALARIES BY DECIL
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108 erage salaries have fallen by 1
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LITHUANIA 110 The rise in consumer
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New workplaces Reorganised Old work
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114 taken into account, Lithuania's
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116 NET WAGES AND SALARIES BY DECIL
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118 In Estonia and Latvia the reorg
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120 MEDIAN SALARY IN 1998 AND 2002
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122 WAGE EARNERS' OWN ESTIMATE OF C
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124 ing people, the managers trust
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126 tively small, and so their sign
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128 clearly higher than in the othe
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130 The most problematic situation
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WEEKLY WORKING HOURS Estonia 132 Th
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134 mainstream in Latvia, since the
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136 Weekly working hours in Lithuan
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138 WORKING OVERTIME DURING A NORMA
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140 Unpaid overtime is more typical
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142 and why do they accept the prev
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EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS 144 The trends
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146 of no significance: in practice
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148 PROPORTION OF EMPLOYEES WHO HAV
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150 STRESS FACTORS AND CONFLICTS In
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152 nia has become much more demand
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154 Mean work intensity values (Sca
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60% 40% 20% 0% -20% -40% -60% Durin
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LATVIA women men ESTONIA women men
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160 In 2002 in Latvia and Estonia,
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LATVIA women men ESTONIA women men
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164 Work safety in Latvia is seen a
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CONFLICTS 166 To finish this chapte
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168 In the question of conflicts, E
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170 may be a sign of efficiency; bu
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172 The workers' possibilities of i
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174 sumed that the question of sect
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176 two Baltic countries. This shou
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178 and the private sectors, though
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180 the individuals are allowed to
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JOB SATISFACTION 182 When working p
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100% 50% 0% -50% -100% 78% 78% -22%
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186 mosphere assessment between the
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188 aspects are enquired about: 1)
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190 public-sector workers are a lit
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192 sector, where nearly three-quar
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20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 15% 16% 194 THE P
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196 home in connection with their m
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198 ised by way of information netw
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 200 PERSONA
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202 spects is (naturally) the same
Page 213 and 214: 204 tries. Under half (43 %) of all
Page 215 and 216: 206 The ageing workers, therefore,
Page 217 and 218: 208 information technology are grow
Page 219 and 220: 210 PARTICIPATED IN TRAINING PAID B
Page 221 and 222: 212 problem category in Finland are
Page 223 and 224: 214 DEVELOPMENT OF WORK ORGANISATIO
Page 225 and 226: 216 of, room and opportunities shou
Page 227 and 228: 218 been set up, with the aim of pl
Page 229 and 230: 220 PART THREE CURRENT TRENDS AND F
Page 231 and 232: 222 WORKING LIFE TRENDS IN ESTONIA,
Page 233 and 234: 224 HOW HAVE ASSESSMENTS OF WORKING
Page 235 and 236: MEN AND WOMEN 226 The changes takin
Page 237 and 238: 228 Greatest changes 1998 - 2002: E
Page 239 and 240: 230 TRENDS IN ESTONIAN WORKING LIFE
Page 241 and 242: LATVIA 232 The attitudes of the Lat
Page 243 and 244: 234 men have taken a somewhat more
Page 245 and 246: 236 In the oldest age group, there
Page 247 and 248: Meaningfulness Equality Environment
Page 249 and 250: MEN AND WOMEN 240 The increased neg
Page 251 and 252: 242 UNDER 30 YEARS Greatest changes
Page 253 and 254: 244 trend expectations can indeed b
Page 255 and 256: Meaningfulness Equality Environment
Page 257 and 258: 248 is particularly great. In the v
Page 259 and 260: 250 EXPECTATIONS: ECONOMY OF OWN WO
Page 261 and 262: 252 At the new workplaces establish
Page 263: 254 DISCUSSION: DIVERGING DEVELOPME
Page 267 and 268: 258 A trend toward normalisation ca
Page 269 and 270: 260 ment staff. It is, in a way, na
Page 271 and 272: 262 still some big changes ahead fo
Page 273 and 274: 264 the salary due from their main
Page 275 and 276: 266 Job satisfaction Job satisfacti
Page 277 and 278: REFERENCES 268 Alasoini, T.: Suomal
Page 279 and 280: 270 http://www.stat.fi/tk/tp/maailm
Page 290: DATA COLLECTION AND SAMPLE DESIGN C
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33. Korkiasaari, Jouni: Siirtolaisi
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110. Aarne Mattila: Cooperation and
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179. Osmo Rahikainen, Pekka Ylösta
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243. Matti Vartiainen, Christina Sw
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