Gibson Ferguson Language Planning and Education Edinburgh ...

Welsh, 89
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (US)
(ESEA) (1965), 42, 43
Title VII, 42–3, 44
ELF see English as a Lingua Franca (ELF)
elites, dominant
cultural reproduction, 140–3
egemony and spread of English, 118–19,
140–3, 144, 184
interests and choice of medium of instruction,
186, 190
language planning and, 3, 10
and standardisation, 22
elites, indigenous, use of English, 127
ELT (English Language Teaching)
in Africa, 115
decentring of the native speaker, 146
implications of global spread of English for,
116, 143–6
and New Englishes, 172–5
poor quality, 142
VSO support, 145
employment
English as access to, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146
and language revitalisation, 84, 100
endangered languages, 12, 71–109
due to the global spread of English, 110–48
English, 8, 41, 63, 67, 110, 120, 177
in Africa, 180–3
appropriation of, 117–18, 131
attractiveness as a medium of instruction,
185–6
‘de-anglicisation’ of, 139, 144–6
hybridity of varieties, 149
indigenisation of, 29, 131
and inequality, 136–43
as international language of science and
scientific publication, 3, 112–13, 129–30,
137–8
Kachru’s schema of three circles, 150–2, 163
as a lingua franca in Europe, 128–30, 139–40
nature of the standard, 168–9
sociolinguistic contexts of the global use of,
150–2
as a threat to cultural diversity, 132–6
as a threat to linguistic diversity, 126–32
see also global spread of English; international
use of English; New Englishes
English for Academic Purposes (EAP), 191
‘English for the Children’ (US) initiative see
California, Proposition 227 (1998)
English as a Foreign Language (EFL), 123
English Language Teaching see ELT
English as a Lingua Franca (ELF), 144–5, 146,
151, 163, 164, 173, 175–7
Index 231
corpus of academic, 176
in Europe, 128–30
Vienna-Oxford corpus, 175–6
English Plus (pluralist US position), 63–8
English as a Second Language (ESL), 42, 45, 149
content (‘sheltered English’), 46, 48, 49, 54
and inequalities of communication, 136–40
pull-out, 45, 48–9
Structured English Immersion, 46, 49, 50,
57–8, 59, 68
‘Englishisation’, 151
environmentalism, case for linguistic diversity,
77–8, 80
equality, 2, 11, 110
among indigenous languages, 130–1
for official EU languages, 8
of opportunity and US bilingual education
programs, 49–62, 65
of Welsh and English in Wales, 102–3
see also inequalities
errors
discriminating from innovations, 157–8, 160,
170, 172–3
or identity features, 166–7
individual or social, 158–9
ESEA see Elementary and Secondary Education
Act (US) (ESEA) (1965)
ESL see English as a Second Language (ESL)
Esperanto, 137, 139
ethnic conflict, 66, 184
ethnolinguistic vitality
and language revitalisation, 85–7
and New Englishes, 160
structural variables affecting 86 Fig., 4.1
‘Euro-English’ variety, 139, 151
Europe
demographic pressures of in–migration, 127
English as a lingua franca, 128–30
minority languages and language revitalisation,
71–109
nation state concept, 3–4
nationalism and language, 17–18
one nation one language ideology, 184
regional languages, 5–6
European Charter for Regional and Minority
Languages, 6, 10, 71, 76, 97
European Union (EU), 5, 8, 123, 139
use of English as a lingua franca, 128–30,
151
evidentiality, 78
exclusion
from certain domains, 89, 95, 105
from education, 121
of minority groups in US, 39
‘external network effects’, 121, 125, 144