Gibson Ferguson Language Planning and Education Edinburgh ...

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Welsh, 89 Elementary and Secondary Education Act (US) (ESEA) (1965), 42, 43 Title VII, 42–3, 44 ELF see English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) elites, dominant cultural reproduction, 140–3 egemony and spread of English, 118–19, 140–3, 144, 184 interests and choice of medium of instruction, 186, 190 language planning and, 3, 10 and standardisation, 22 elites, indigenous, use of English, 127 ELT (English Language Teaching) in Africa, 115 decentring of the native speaker, 146 implications of global spread of English for, 116, 143–6 and New Englishes, 172–5 poor quality, 142 VSO support, 145 employment English as access to, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146 and language revitalisation, 84, 100 endangered languages, 12, 71–109 due to the global spread of English, 110–48 English, 8, 41, 63, 67, 110, 120, 177 in Africa, 180–3 appropriation of, 117–18, 131 attractiveness as a medium of instruction, 185–6 ‘de-anglicisation’ of, 139, 144–6 hybridity of varieties, 149 indigenisation of, 29, 131 and inequality, 136–43 as international language of science and scientific publication, 3, 112–13, 129–30, 137–8 Kachru’s schema of three circles, 150–2, 163 as a lingua franca in Europe, 128–30, 139–40 nature of the standard, 168–9 sociolinguistic contexts of the global use of, 150–2 as a threat to cultural diversity, 132–6 as a threat to linguistic diversity, 126–32 see also global spread of English; international use of English; New Englishes English for Academic Purposes (EAP), 191 ‘English for the Children’ (US) initiative see California, Proposition 227 (1998) English as a Foreign Language (EFL), 123 English Language Teaching see ELT English as a Lingua Franca (ELF), 144–5, 146, 151, 163, 164, 173, 175–7 Index 231 corpus of academic, 176 in Europe, 128–30 Vienna-Oxford corpus, 175–6 English Plus (pluralist US position), 63–8 English as a Second Language (ESL), 42, 45, 149 content (‘sheltered English’), 46, 48, 49, 54 and inequalities of communication, 136–40 pull-out, 45, 48–9 Structured English Immersion, 46, 49, 50, 57–8, 59, 68 ‘Englishisation’, 151 environmentalism, case for linguistic diversity, 77–8, 80 equality, 2, 11, 110 among indigenous languages, 130–1 for official EU languages, 8 of opportunity and US bilingual education programs, 49–62, 65 of Welsh and English in Wales, 102–3 see also inequalities errors discriminating from innovations, 157–8, 160, 170, 172–3 or identity features, 166–7 individual or social, 158–9 ESEA see Elementary and Secondary Education Act (US) (ESEA) (1965) ESL see English as a Second Language (ESL) Esperanto, 137, 139 ethnic conflict, 66, 184 ethnolinguistic vitality and language revitalisation, 85–7 and New Englishes, 160 structural variables affecting 86 Fig., 4.1 ‘Euro-English’ variety, 139, 151 Europe demographic pressures of in–migration, 127 English as a lingua franca, 128–30 minority languages and language revitalisation, 71–109 nation state concept, 3–4 nationalism and language, 17–18 one nation one language ideology, 184 regional languages, 5–6 European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages, 6, 10, 71, 76, 97 European Union (EU), 5, 8, 123, 139 use of English as a lingua franca, 128–30, 151 evidentiality, 78 exclusion from certain domains, 89, 95, 105 from education, 121 of minority groups in US, 39 ‘external network effects’, 121, 125, 144
232 Language Planning and Education family intergenerational transmission and language death, 72–3, 102 use of Mandarin in Singapore, 33 FEP see Fluent English Proficient (FEP) pupils Ferguson, C., 21 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 17, 18 financial resources, and choice of medium of instruction, 189–91 Finnish and English, 112, 129 rejection of Swedish terms, 31 Fishman, J., 1, 2, 34, 77, 78–9, 87, 102, 108, 119 GIDS Scale, 81–5 Flemish, 74 Fluent English Proficient (FEP) pupils, 61 foreign language, choice in curriculum, 34–5 foreign policies, and national self-interest, 116 Foucault, Michel, 119 France, 17, 34, 68, 93, 95, 106, 116, 133–4 Académie Française, 26–7 linguistic sensitivity, 76, 105–6 Loi Deixonne (1951), 103 mass education (1880s), 34 French, 120, 127, 128 in Africa, 180 in European Union (EU) business, 8 international teaching of, 116 Jacobin project, 74–5, 95 legislation to defend use in scientific and academic domains, 138 purification of vernacular, 26–7 and regional languages, 74–5 relations with English, 8, 138 French Revolution, 74, 93, 95 functions of language, separate domains, 127–8; see also status planning Gandara, P., 38, 44, 45, 46–7, 61 Gellner, E., 19–20 Gemeinschaft, and Gesellschaft, 76 geopolitical developments, and language planning, 4–9 German, 18, 120 language of science, 112, 138 teaching overseas, 116 Germanic, continuum of North, 18 Germany, 17, 116, 129 Ghana, 117, 127, 152, 186 medium of instruction, 181, 189 Giddens, A., 6, 11 GIDS (Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale), 81–5 Giles, H., 85–6, 87 global English, sociolinguistic contexts of use of, 150–2 global spread of English, 7–8, 9, 10, 110–48 cause and agency in, 110–25 de Swaan’s global language system thesis, 119–25 effects, 125–43 implications for English language teaching, 143–6 linguistic imperialism thesis, 113–19 self-reinforcing dynamic, 121–2, 125, 144 globalisation, 6–8, 9, 10, 30–1, 37, 133–6, 186, 187 and spread of English, 118–19, 124, 144 and weakening of nation state, 5, 11, 67 governments, 8, 119, 171 and role of English, 112–13, 130 and spread of lingua francas, 124 Graddol, D., 111, 112, 149 grammar New Englishes, 155–6, 172, 173–4 simplification and reduction in obsolescence, 72–3 Gramsci, Antonio, 118 graphisation, 21 Greece, 76 Greek Dhimotiki, 18, 25, 26 Katharevousa, 18, 25 Grillo, R., 73–4, 75 Grin, F., 12, 17, 123 Guadeloupe-Hidalgo, Treaty of (1848), 64 Gupta, A.F., 151, 166–7, 168, 173 Haarman, H., 112, 129 Hakuta, K., 38, 39, 40, 51–2, 54, 57, 60–1 Halliday, M., 161 Haugen, E., 1, 21, 23, 24 Hausa, 128 hegemony, and spread of English, 118–19 Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 17, 31 hierarchy, global language (de Swaan), 119–25 higher education English dominance in, 129, 140, 172, 186 influence on choice of medium of instruction, 191–2 Hindi, 117, 120, 155 borrowings from, 156 and Urdu, 21 Hobsbawm, E., 19, 20 Hokkien, 128 Holborow, M., 119 home language as medium of instruction, 47, 49 role in educational process, 34, 57, 179
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Language Planning and Education GIB
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Edinburgh Textbooks in Applied Ling
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© Gibson Ferguson, 2006 Edinburgh
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vi Contents 5 The global spread of
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viii Series Editors’ Preface Each
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x Author’s Preface exception of C
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Acknowledgements Identifying and th
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Chapter 2 The practice of language
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