Gibson Ferguson Language Planning and Education Edinburgh ...

ilingual programs, 51–2, 54, 57
national unity
and official language, 184
and US bilingual education, 65–7
nationalism, 2, 5, 9, 11
ideological, 17–18, 31
ideology and minority language
marginalisation, 73–7, 95
and language revitalisation, 102–3, 106, 107
nations and language, 17–20
nationhood, concepts of, 37
nationism, 2
nations
language and nationalism, 17–20
role of language planning in construction of,
20–33
Native Americans, 39, 64
native language see home language
native speakers, 137, 146, 162
challenge to centrality of, 149
numbers of English, 149
vs. non-native inequalities, 136–40
nativisation see indigenisation
neo-liberalism, 111
neologisms, acceptability of, 29–31
Netherlands, the, 19
Turkish in, 58
Nettle, D., 77–8
New Englishes
debate on teaching models, 160, 161–77
defining, 152–7
genesis of, 157–60
grammar, 155–6, 172, 173–4
lexis, 156–7, 167, 173–4
linguistic characteristics, 154–7
phonology, 154–5
recognition of, 166–7
and SLA, 158–60
sociolinguistic characteristics, 152–3, 162
Ngugi wa Thiong’o, 131
Nigeria, 127, 128
cline of varieties of English, 152
medium of instruction, 181
as outer circle, 150, 151, 169
Nigerian English, 152, 169
Nigerian Pidgin English, 152
Nkrumah, Kwame, 117
No Child Left Behind Act (US) (NCLBA)
(2002), 43–4, 45
norm(s)
attitude survey on native speaker or standard
language , 170–1
defining see codification
and global use of English, 150–1
native speaker as, 149
Index 237
and New Englishes, 163–4, 170–1, 175–6
selection for standard, 24
Norse, 23
Norway
English in, 128
independence from Denmark (1814), 1, 23
Norwegian, 19
Bokmal 24
development of standard languages, 23–5
differentiation from Danish, 21, 23–4
Landsmal 23–4
Nynorsk, 24
Nyanja, 182
Nyasaland see Malawi
Nyerere, Julius, 187
objectification, of language, 4
Occitan, 74
OECD nations, 116
OED see Oxford English Dictionary (OED)
Office of Bilingual Education and Minority
Language Affairs (OBELMA), 44
Office of English Language Acquisition (OELA),
Language Enhancement and Academic
Achievement for Limited English Proficient
Students, 44
official language(s)
as medium of instruction, 180–3, 183–4
and national language, 2
in South Africa, 5, 10, 131–2
and status planning, 20–1
Ogbu, J., 39
Ogden, C., Basic English, 166
opportunity
and choice of dominant language, 79–80, 118,
129–30
English as gatekeeper to, 185
equality of and US bilingual education
programs, 49–62, 65
and standard varieties of language, 160
oral proficiency tests, 61
Orgraff yr laith Gymraeg, 88
O’Riagáin, P., 84, 85, 108
Oxford English Dictionary (OED), 23, 27, 156
Oyster Elementary School program, 48
P-Celtic languages, 71
Pakistan, 152
Pan South African Language Board, 5, 28, 131,
188
Parekh, B., 65, 66, 67, 68
Patten, A., 80
pedagogy
and communicative language teaching, 146
and medium of instruction issue, 192–7