Gibson Ferguson Language Planning and Education Edinburgh ...

236 Language Planning and Education
global corporations, 133, 135–6
use of minority languages in, 82, 104
May, S., 65, 66, 67, 74, 75, 76, 79
Mazrui, Alamin, 130, 190
media domain
cultural imperialism in, 133–4
and Mandarin campaign in Singapore, 33
use of minority languages in, 83, 104
medium of instruction, 2, 40, 90, 99–102,
180–3, 183–92, 194
attractiveness of English, 185–6
choice at different levels of instruction, 34
economic and practical constraints, 187–92
English as a, 114–15, 140, 180–3, 192
English as an academic, 151–2
indigenous language as, 47, 130–1, 141,
180–3, 192
language education policy, 179–98
mitigation of effects of foreign language,
192–7
in multilingual post-colonial states, 35, 140,
179–98
resistance to indigenous languages as, 131–2,
141
and role of the applied linguist, 192–7
socio-political constraints on policy, 183–6
Mexican Americans, 38, 39, 40
middle class
identities and English competence, 140–3
and language revitalisation, 104–5
migration, 9, 13, 111, 135
and assimilative policies, 6–7
demographic pressures of European in-, 127
demographics of US minority groups and, 38
and globalisation, 37
and language death, 96
military conscription, 23, 74, 95
Milroy, J. and L., 22
ministries of education
sub-Saharan Africa, 190
support for dominant languages, 124
minority cultures, and nation state, 37, 63–4
minority groups, 37–70, 40
autochthonous regional, 71–109
autonomous, caste-like and immigrant in US,
39
demographics of US, 38
voluntary and involuntary in US, 39
see also linguistic minority pupils
minority language rights, 7, 9, 11, 12, 64, 65, 82,
108, 130–1
minority languages, 6, 34, 35, 65, 66, 83
advantages of literacy in, 81–2
and language revitalisation, 71–109
perceptions of and language death, 73
role of nation state in decline of, 73–7
stigmatisation of, 76–7
see also regional languages
Mitterand, François, 75, 106
modernisation, 21, 25, 28, 83, 105
English and, 118
of indigenous languages, 188
and language death, 73, 107
monolingualism, European nation state bias
towards, 75
Morgan, William, translation of Bible into Welsh
(1588), 26, 88
mother tongue see home language
Mozambique, 180, 185, 189
primary bilingual education project, 190, 193
Mphahlele, E., 131
Mufwene, S., 126–7, 128
multiculturalism, 13, 35, 68, 135–6
ideology of, 7
multilingualism, 4, 10, 28, 35, 66, 68, 153
and ethnic conflict, 66
ideal of institutional equality between
languages, 130–1
practices in education, 142–3
multinational corporations, 111
Nadkarni, K., 188
Namibia, 5, 182
nation state, 11, 73
as a European concept, 3–4
and globalisation, 5, 11, 124
as a homogenising institution, 66, 74–5, 105
and minority cultures, 37, 105
role in minority language decline, 73–7, 107
and state nation, 17
nation-building, 5, 31
and language planning, 1–3, 11, 17–20
and official language, 183–4
National Curriculum (England and Wales), 168
national identity
challenges to, 7, 63
challenges to US, 63, 67–8
construction, 5, 13, 20, 67
formation and language planning, 1–3
formation and standardisation, 23–5
Welsh, 102–3, 106
national language, 2, 22, 125
as a construct, 18–19
identity and, 129
and language academies, 28
protectionism and, 125, 129
role of language planning in construction of,
20–33
standard, 18–19, 34
National Research Council, findings on US