PhD Final Thesis April 2013.pdf - Anglia Ruskin Research Online

Thesis Keith Gale 2013three (conception to design) are controlled by detailed procedures to ensure legal anddesign obligations are met irrespective of costs or times taken to ensure compliance.As development of infrastructure projects involve a large number of stakeholders,early stages of a project are difficult to estimate in terms of timescale and cost.Metrics used to calculate benchmarks for these early phases (e.g. the cost of planningcompared with capital value) indicate a wide range of results (Flyvbjerg et al, 2003).44