Reaching the marginalized: EFA global monitoring report, 2010; 2010

01CONTENTS02Education for All Global Monitoring ReportList of figures, tables and text boxesFigures1.1: Post-crisis economic growth projections have been revised downwards for all developing regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221.2: Economic growth matters for education financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231.3: Education financing in sub-Saharan Africa could suffer from slower economic growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231.4: Many countries lack room for manoeuvre in budget management but could use more aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311.5: The World Bank has front-loaded concessional International Development Association loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352.1: High levels of child stunting are holding back progress in education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442.2: Low birth weight sets the scene for lifelong disadvantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452.3: Educated mothers have better access to antenatal care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472.4: Wealth-based gaps in learning begin early and widen over time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502.5: Children from rich families are more likely to participate in early childhood programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522.6: Children of educated mothers are more likely to attend pre-school programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 522.7: Numbers of out-of-school children are declining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562.8: Missing the target — out-of-school trends projected to 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572.9: Different stories — administrative and household measurement of children in school can differ greatly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592.10: In Senegal, estimates of children in school by age vary with data sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 592.11: Children in sub-Saharan Africa are the least likely to enter school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602.12: A child’s prospects of entering and staying in school vary by country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602.13: Left behind: out-of-school girls are less likely ever to get into school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612.14: Poor and rural children have much less chance of going to school in Burkina Faso and Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612.15: Most countries improved their primary school enrolment between 1999 and 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 632.16: The relationship between enrolment and gender parity varies across countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 652.17: The gender gap is narrowing, but sometimes because enrolment is declining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 662.18: In Yemen, girls’ enrolment is lowest in the poorest and rural areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672.19: Pakistan’s primary school attendance is marked by gender, regional and wealth inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682.20: Most out-of-school children are in poorer countries, but some wealthier countries are underperforming . . . . . . . . . . . . 702.21: Children’s precarious pathway from school entry to completion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722.22: Children who start primary school have varying chances to complete the last grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 732.23: Many adolescents are out of school, or still in primary school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752.24: By age 15, many students in developing countries are nearing the end of their schooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812.25: Gender inequalities reinforce high levels of youth unemployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832.26: In most OECD countries, youth face greater risk of unemployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832.27: In the Islamic Republic of Iran, vocational tracking comes with high dropout rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 852.28: Unemployment increases with level of education, but Iranian women are especially penalized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852.29: Adult illiteracy is heavily concentrated in a small group of large-population countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952.30: In developing countries, illiteracy can affect up from one to three out of four adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 972.31: The number of adult illiterates is falling despite population growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982.32: Being so far behind, women have further to travel to reach male literacy rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 992.33: Contrasting experiences in reducing illiteracy and the associated gender gap in four countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1002.34: Within countries, women’s literacy rates are influenced by socio-economic and geographic factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1012.35: At the present rate, regions furthest behind will miss the literacy target for 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 1012.36: There are large gaps in learning achievement across countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105vi