Reaching the marginalized: EFA global monitoring report, 2010; 2010

INDEXout-of-school children 161primary education 126enrolment 63, 65rural areas 160, 161, 177school completion 72, 73stunted children 44Laos see Lao People’s Democratic RepublicL’Aquila summit 32, 222, 223, 225late enrolment, primary education 59–60, 60,72–3, 72, 167, 171Latin America and the Caribbeansee also individual countriesaccelerated learning programmes 194adolescents in school 75adult literacy 95, 97, 99, 101bilingual education 174cash transfer programmes 207child labour 111, 170economic growth 23, 31employment 170gender parity/disparity 81, 83, 99, 109indigenous people 154language of instruction 173learning achievement 106, 109, 111, 154linguistic diversity 173literacy programmes 103low birth weight 45out-of-school children 56, 60, 74, 75poverty 165pre-primary education 51primary education, enrolment 62reading literacy 108relative poverty 170remittances 25, 33‘second chance’ programmes 89, 90secondary education 80, 81, 89stunted children 44teacher incentives 198technical and vocational education 78, 80,84tertiary education 80, 81youth unemployment 83LatviaGlobal Fund donor 263human rights 292learning achievement 107, 110primary education, enrolment 63reading literacy 109laws see legislationlearning achievementsee also reading literacydetermining factors 188effect of disadvantage 49, 105–11disparities 50, 105, 107, 108–9importance of ECCE 50and education poverty 154, 155–6, 157ethnic minority groups 154, 156–7, 157, 170gender differences 109and household wealth 106, 111, 154, 156indigenous peoples 110–11, 154, 158–9,159importance of literacy 112see also reading literacyand marginalization 156mathematics 105–6, 105, 107, 109, 109,111, 154, 156, 156, 157, 200School for Life courses 195science 109, 110, 111targeted programmes 111, 111, 173, 189,199, 200, 295effect of undernutrition 42learning assessmentsinternational 106–7, 107, 108–9, 109, 109,110for literacy 97mathematics 105–6, 105, 107, 109, 109,111, 154, 156, 156, 157for reading 111, 113learning environmentability grouping 198effect on achievement 110–11for children with disabilities 201–3costs of improving 124for inclusive education 186, 187, 187,196–203, 273language of instruction 149–50, 172,173–4, 174, 195, 199–201, 201quality 114support from government 200teachers 196–8learning and life skills (EFA goal)importance for economic success 76funding 78–9issues to be addressed 76–7progress towards 41second chance programmes 77, 87,89–91, 90, 91technical and vocational provision , 77–8,79–82, 79, 84–9, 85, 86, 88, 91–3learning outcomes see learning achievementleast developed countries see developingcountries; individual countries;low-income countriesLebanonlearning achievement 105school completion 73legal instruments, enforcing human rights186, 188, 203–6, 204, 205, 273,292–3legislationexpanding access 275human rights 186, 188, 203–6, 204, 205,273, 292–3lenders see donorsLesothoconcessional loans 35ECCE programmes 52education aiddisbursements 256, 257performance related 238education expenditure 27, 35education poverty 140, 142, 143, 160, 161fiscal space 30, 31gender parity/disparity 66, 160, 161health costs 48learning achievement 106national plan endorsement 253out-of-school children 161primary education, enrolment 59, 63pupil/teacher ratio 115remittances 25, 33rural areas 160, 161school completion 72stunted children 44Liberiaadult literacy 97basic education 127, 128concessional loans 35effect of conflict 57, 69, 124education aid 129, 232, 243, 260, 260disbursements 234, 242, 244, 246education expenditure 26, 34, 126, 127, 242education poverty 141, 143, 160, 161fiscal space 30gender parity/disparity 66, 141, 160, 161Global Fund aid 263health aid 264health costs 48humanitarian aid 244national plan endorsement 253out-of-school children 56, 70, 161peace-keeping costs 242, 244pre-primary education 50primary education 126enrolment 59, 62, 63, 65, 69, 259pupil/teacher ratio 114–15reading literacy 112, 113remittances 25, 33rural areas 160, 161school completion 72social protection programmes 34stunted children 44teachers 117LiechtensteinGlobal Fund donor 263reading literacy 108life skills see learning and life skills(EFA goal)linguistic diversity 173see also home language; indigenouslanguageliteracysee also adult literacy (EFA goal);mathematics achievement;reading literacyimportance of bilingual education 103definitions 94–5Literacy Assessment and MonitoringProgramme (LAMP) 97Literacy Decade 101–2Literacy Movement Organization (IslamicRepublic of Iran) 102literacy programmes 53, 94, 102, 103, 103,112–13, 113, 195literacy rates 94n, 95, 95, 96, 97, 97, 98, 99,101Literate Brazil Programme 94, 102, 103Lithuanialearning achievement 105, 107, 110reading literacy 109loans 29, 30, 36, 220, 263low birth weightand age of mother 47and malnutrition 44, 45low status, and marginalization 171–2, 171,172low-income countriessee also developing countries; individualcountriesadult literacy 101basic educationaid 119n, 129, 130, 130government expenditure 127–9, 127,128, 273budget plan revision 26–7children with disabilities 181–4, 183, 183,191concessional financing 19, 32n, 33, 33–4,36effect of conflicts 57, 69costs of achieving EFA 125–6, 125education aid 228, 229499