Reaching the marginalized: EFA global monitoring report, 2010; 2010

INDEXand education poverty 140–3, 141, 142,143, 144–5, 145–6, 147, 148–9, 148,149, 151, 151, 152, 153, 156, 160–3and learning achievement 106, 111, 154,156and literacy 96, 99, 100, 101regional disparities 45, 46, 50, 68, 68, 140,211–12and rural location 142and school participation 58–9, 61, 61,66–7, 71housing grants, teachers 198hukou system (China) 177human immunodeficiency virus see HIV andAIDShuman rights 203–6, 204, 205, 292–3humanitarian aid, and education 242–3, 244Hungaryeducation aid donor 231nethnic minority groups 158, 170Global Fund donor 263learning achievement 105, 107, 110, 156primary education, enrolment 63reading literacy 108IICCPR (International Covenant on Civil andPolitical Rights) 1966 292Icelandeducation aid donor 231nGlobal Fund donor 263learning achievement 109, 110, 156reading literacy 108ICESCR (International Covenant on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights) 1966292IDA see International DevelopmentAssociation (IDA)IDB (Inter-American Development Bank),education aid 237identitysee also social identityand birth registration 204IFFIm (International Finance Facility forImmunisation) 232, 264illiteracy see adult literacy (EFA goal)illiteracy rate 94n, 95, 95, 96, 97, 97, 98, 99, 101illness see HIV and AIDS; malnutritionimams, role in gender parity 66IMF (International Monetary Fund), responseto crisis 33–4, 35–6, 37immersion schools 206immigrants see migrants; migrationimmunization campaigns 47, 232, 264, 565in utero nutritional deprivation 43, 46incentivessee also cash transfer programmesfor marginalized groups 125for teachers 197–8inclusive educationaccess to education 186, 187–96, 187,188–9, 193, 195, 272affordability 187, 187, 189–90, 272critical areas 187, 271, 272–3government finance 210–12, 212–13government measures 188learning environment 186, 187, 187,196–203, 273rights and opportunities 188, 203–6, 205,273, 292, 293social protection policies 34, 37, 48, 124,186, 188–9, 190, 206–10, 273, 294–5Inclusive Education Triangle 187, 272income see household wealthIndiaadult literacy 95, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 100,101caste system 171, 171, 172, 191, 206children with disabilities 183ECCE programmes 52economic downturn 28, 36education aid donor 231education costs 166education poverty 140, 140, 144, 153, 160,161education rights 204equity-based finance 210–11gender parity/disparitycaste system 171, 171and literacy 99, 100, 101, 102non-enrolment 61and wealth inequalities 142, 144, 153,160, 161Global Fund donor 263HIV and AIDS 185language of instruction 173learning achievement 105, 110literacy programmes 98, 102low birth weight 44malnutrition 43out-of-school children 56, 58–9, 60, 60,61, 161, 166, 175political mobilization 206primary education, enrolment 59, 65, 191pupil/teacher ratio 114–15reading literacy 113redistributive finance 210, 211relative deprivation 151rural areas 142, 144, 160, 161, 171, 172school completion 72slum dwellers 175stunted children 44technical and vocational education 77, 86Indicative Framework, FTI 250indigenous languagesee also home languageuse in bilingual education 174, 192, 201,206and learning achievement 111effect of political mobilization 205–6, 205,206promotion 201indigenous peoplessee also ethnic minority groups;pastoralists; scheduled tribesadult literacy 158–9, 159, 170effect of deprivation and poverty 170displacement 179and education poverty 146, 149, 149,158–9financial support 212language 111, 173, 201, 205–6, 206and learning achievement 110–11, 154,158–9, 159political movements 174, 193rights legislation 293Indonesiaadult literacy 95child mortality rate 25, 33education poverty 140, 160, 161external shocks 166gender parity/disparity 160, 161health aid 239learning achievement 105, 105, 106linguistic diversity 173literacy programmes 96out-of-school children 60, 60, 161rural areas 160, 161school completion 72social protection programmes 294inequality see disadvantage; educationpoverty; equity; genderparity/disparity (EFA goal); healthinequalities; marginalization;poverty; regional disparities;relative deprivation; wealthinequalitiesinequity see access to education;disadvantage; genderparity/disparity (EFA goal); regionaldisparities; relative deprivation;wealth inequalitiesinfant mortality 25, 46, 47infants, brain development 43, 43informal employment 87informal fees 189informal settlements 176inherited circumstances 139Institute of Technical Education (Singapore)93Integrated Professional Reform Programme(Mozambique) 88intellectual development see cognitivedevelopmentInter-American Development Bank (IDB) 237intercultural education 174–5, 200, 201, 273see also bilingual educationinternational aid see development assistance(aid); education aidInternational Bill of Human Rights 1948 292International Convention on the Eliminationof All Forms of RacialDiscrimination 1965 292International Convention on the Protectionof the Rights of All MigrantWorkers and Members of theirFamilies 1990 293International Covenant on Civil and PoliticalRights (ICCPR) 1966 292International Covenant on Economic, Socialand Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 1966292International Development Association (IDA)education aid 228, 229, 230financial rules for FTI disbursements 257,258as source of finance 35, 37International Engagement in Fragile States245nInternational Finance Facility forImmunisation (IFFIm) 232, 264international learning assessments 106–7,107, 108–9, 109, 109, 110International Monetary Fund (IMF), responseto crisis 33–4, 35–6, 37iodine deficiency 44, 46, 181Iran see Islamic Republic of IranIraqadult literacy 97education aid 247497