W. C a r e w H a z l i t t Coinage of the European Continent

326 The Coins of Europe
of Prussia, Cleves, Juliers, and Berg.
It has a three-quarter
portrait of the margraf robed and bonneted, grasping
sceptre and sword in either hand. The rehearsal of dignities
makes it
necessary to observe that in 1610 the last Duke of
Cleves, Juliers,. and Berg had died s.p., and that Brandenburgh
and Saxony were competitors for the territory.
The primary numismatic monuments of the present
Prussian monarchy are to be sought in the coinage of the
Prussia.
Dukes of Massovia (twelfth to thirteenth century),
The Teutonic the Knights of the Teutonic Order (1230-1530),
The the Duchy, Margraves of Brandenburgh, and the earlier
Kingdom. Kin g S of Poland. The greater part of Eastern
Prussia belonged de facto to the last Power during the
fifteenth and two following centuries, and the remainder
devolved on Brandenburgh, when the Margraf Albert about
i 5 30 took into his own hands the acquisitions of the Teutonic
Knights, thus preparing the way, when Poland declined and
suffered gradual disintegration, for the higher destinies of the
house of Hohenzollern in
the then yet distant future.
Culm, a Hanse town in Western Prussia, is the sole seat
of coinage of which we hear, belonging to the ancient dukes
of Massovia, who nevertheless had Warsaw as their capital,
and of their currency we have no knowledge. The place
was subsequently the chief centre of the Knights, and doubtless
their mint ;
for in I 246 the Grand Master granted authority
to the town of Elbing to strike pfennings of the Culm
type, which could at most be no more than modifications of
the original Massovian money. That the dukes and their
successors had a coinage we need not hesitate to believe,
nor, if it consisted of mute bracteates in lieu of the signed
pieces which followed, are we to wonder at its
disappearance
or the failure of identification. It is at least certain that
during more than a century and a half the Grand Masters
placed their names and titles on a series of bracteates,
schillings of Polish standard = 1 6
( pf), gold florins and other
currency, and that the first to whom any coins can be confidently
assigned, Winric von Kniprode (1351-82), thought
himself entitled to inscribe on the reverse Moneta Domi-