W. C a r e w H a z l i t t Coinage of the European Continent

Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 531
sense of what was due to the general community, although
these particular
pieces are inconveniently heavy, and appear
to follow the English double pennies of 1797 in weight, if
not in fabric. But the earlier motto on the copper of
Portugal was AES Vsibvs Aptivs Avro> which occurs on
a Brazilian 20 reis of John V., 1722.
A view of the Portuguese mints may be found in the Catalogue.
The number naturally increased, and ultimately comprised
localities situated in the various settlements
abroad :
Goa, Bahia, Rio, Preto. At first the chief
seats of coinage appear to have been Lisbon and Porto.
The Spanish custom of noting in the field, on either side of
the shield or otherwise, the place of origin and the moneyer
by their initials was observed here at an early date, but
was subsequently relinquished.
Among the more remarkable Portuguese types may
be noted the standing or seated figure of the king, facing
or in profile,
sometimes with a visor
;
the
cruciform shields charged with besants ;
the
crowned name or initial, occasionally accompanied by the
value ;
the pattern of obverse or reverse, or both, enclosed
in a tressure ;
the obverse bearing a sword grasped
by a hand in a tressure (the espadiin in billon and in
gold) a castle of three towers surrounded ; by water or
otherwise (the early copper dinheiro and the ceitil] ;
a shield
occupied only by a transverse band (dobra de banda} ; the
globe on reverse significant of the extension of empire to
both hemispheres ;
the figure of a saint (St. Thomas or St.
Vincent) holding a ship and a palm, etc. ;
a reverse exhibiting
a cross cantoned with the date ; the standing figure of
the Virgin with emblems (the conceipw of John IV., 1648) ;
the value crowned ;
the shield mantled and crowned ;
the
falcon surcharged, or two falcons as part of the type, for the
Aores. The form of the shield and the cross underwent of
course innumerable changes, and in respect
to the cross it
should be mentioned that the cruzado, first of gold alone,
and subsequently of silver also, seems to have owed its name
to the desire under Alfonso V. (1438-81) to commemorate