comparative value priorities of chinese and new zealand

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Cultivation of the Self as a Member of the Community (Schwartz’ Benevolence and Universalism). The primary concern is to learn to become a good person through learning for the sake of the self does not mean a quest for one’s individuality. “Self”, in the classical Confucian sense, refers to a centre of relationships. It has a communal quality that cannot be conceived of as an isolated or isolable entity. Confucian selfcultivation is a deliberate communal act (Tu, 1985). “Indeed, it could be said that a self lacking any interaction with others is unimaginable” (Tu, 2004). Importance of Family. (Not separately identified in Schwartz’ dimensions, but relates to one item in Conformity and one item in Security). The family is seen as an enriching and nourishing support system, a vehicle for the true realization of the self in its centre. The self, in turn, must develop in its various roles as son or daughter, parent or sibling. Extending Relationships beyond the Family (Schwartz’ Benevolence). However, familial relationships can also degenerate into self-destructive nepotism if we commit to our family to the exclusion of a larger structure of human relationships. Nepotism can become a closed system, closed to new ideas due associating meaningfully only with members of the family, and not with others. Therefore, true realization of the self, which begins in the context of the family, requires that one also extend one’s relationships beyond the familial structure, and so beyond nepotism, in order to be able to relate meaningfully to a larger community (Tu, 1985). Correct Behaviour (Schwartz’ Conformity). Rituals learned from childhood facilitate verbal and non-verbal communication to the benefit of human relationships. This is why ritual is important in the oldest Confucian philosophical tradition. Importance of History (This does not relate well to the Schwartz dimension of Tradition, due to the issues with the items defining Tradition). History is oral or recorded collective memory or myth. To have a sense of history is to know and to care about the major values and ideas that have shaped the larger community of which we are a part. To have no history is like being without memory. History, be it short or long, becomes significant as we become capable of relating to it, as we come to see in it our own past and enter into personal dialogue with those generations who contributed to the 101
culture that shapes us today. Confucius found such a vision represented in the Spring and Autumn Annals (a traditional work in several translations). Participation in Society (Related to Benevolence and Universalism, but not very well). Human beings should also be thought of as participants in society. One is expected to participate in the polity of which one is a part. One is also a political being who should be a responsive and responsible participant in the political community. This vision of political participation is articulated in the Book of History, or the Book of Documents (traditional works in several translations) Universalism. An area essential to learning to be human is symbolized by one of the most difficult books in the classical tradition, the Book of Changes (I Ching, or Yi Jing, a traditional work in several translations) providing a cosmic vision. Using modern terminology, the Book of Changes represents an ecological concern, both in an environmental and in a spiritual sense. A human being does not exist only in the anthropological world of other human beings. Beyond this human world is a larger universe. Therefore, one needs an ecologically sound cosmic vision. Many scholars have noted that a distinctive feature of Confucian thought is its emphasis on the commonality rather than on the differences between human beings. Commonality can be understood in terms of human sensitivity: the human need for communication, for self-expression and for self-development that does not infringe on the self-development of others. Reciprocity (renqing, a single item #15 in the SVS Security dimension: RECIPROCATION OF FAVOURS (avoidance of indebtedness). Confucian tradition is sometimes characterized as a philosophy of mutuality. This may come as a surprise because the Confucian ethical tradition has often been accused of promoting authoritarianism: the father exercises arbitrary authority, to which the son must render total obedience. However, mutuality is a basic motif in Confucian ethic. The father should act with love. This enables the son to become filial. The son should be filial so that the father will be further encouraged to be loving. In Confucian thought, then, relationships are not based on the one-dimensional imposition of ideas and power upon others but on the concepts of mutuality and reciprocity. 102
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COMPARATIVE VALUE PRIORITIES OF CHI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Countries as Cultural Units .......
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New Zealand SVS Sample SEM Test Res
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Linear Regression Results for the G
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Figure 4.20. USA Item Distributions
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Figure 6.2. Comparing SSA Results F
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I gratefully ackno
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis
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PREFACE I have occasionally used un
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COMMENTS CONCERNING BIBLIOGRAPHY Th
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though there have been a number of
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New Zealand and China entered into
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� clean and green but complacent,
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improve success rates in doing busi
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Expanding operations to countries w
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� What are the relationships betw
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CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS W
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for example, Einstein’s General T
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attributes that are believed to det
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and motivation; for further definit
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Figure 2.1. Relationships of Leader
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Studies indicated that the leader b
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dimensions, developing nine cluster
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THE OHIO STATE LEADER BEHAVIOUR THE
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.2. Correspondences amongst
Page 53 and 54: . Leadership as an effect of intera
Page 55 and 56: strong sense of “neiren” (inner
Page 57 and 58: given culture if a particular style
Page 59 and 60: � Kolb (1995) found the LBDQXII a
Page 61 and 62: initiating structure (Fleishman, 19
Page 63 and 64: laissez faire management provided r
Page 65 and 66: accounted for approximately 50 and
Page 67 and 68: valence. An adaptive feedback syste
Page 69 and 70: International Managerial Leadership
Page 71 and 72: Figure 2.5. Spencer and Peterson’
Page 73 and 74: interrelationships of dimension mea
Page 75 and 76: Direction, Universalism, Benevolenc
Page 77 and 78: Individuals promote values they con
Page 79 and 80: develop. The organisation is then m
Page 81 and 82: (5) Values are ordered by importanc
Page 83 and 84: ten basic values can be characteriz
Page 85 and 86: Figure 2.8. Chart of SSA Positionin
Page 87 and 88: the data and the impact of random s
Page 89 and 90: CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW WITH S
Page 91 and 92: The choice of direction of the orig
Page 93 and 94: now briefly summarise some major th
Page 95 and 96: The Role of Overseas Chinese Undoub
Page 97 and 98: Regional cultural distinctions tend
Page 99 and 100: interpreted as indicators of their
Page 101: usinesspeople might be attributed t
Page 105 and 106: Figure 3.2. Rankings of SVS Dimensi
Page 107 and 108: Holt (1997) investigated how cultur
Page 109 and 110: Statistically there are significant
Page 111 and 112: Comparison of Student and Teacher V
Page 113 and 114: Figure 3.8. ANOVA Tests of Between-
Page 115 and 116: There are questions concerning the
Page 117 and 118: Islamic Middle East, and “Africa
Page 119 and 120: of the literature points to four br
Page 121 and 122: 1. The relative importance of goals
Page 123 and 124: specific role demands of leaders, t
Page 125 and 126: in one or more areas, as well as a
Page 127 and 128: 9. Imaginative - creative but think
Page 129 and 130: transformational leadership style w
Page 131 and 132: Figure 3.11.Generation Cohorts in C
Page 133 and 134: Life stage Opportunities, demands,
Page 135 and 136: Evolutionary thinking might also ex
Page 137 and 138: found that, aggregated over field a
Page 139 and 140: CULTURE AND LEADERSHIP In every cul
Page 141 and 142: societies with relatively high Powe
Page 143 and 144: studying Paternalism, as it is a ge
Page 145 and 146: CHAPTER 4: METHODS AND METHODOLOGY
Page 147 and 148: Number of Areas Sampled In this stu
Page 149 and 150: Von Krogh and Roos (1995) assert th
Page 151 and 152: eplicated to similar cases, and thi
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acceptable for study. This, of cour
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phenomenon in major theories in the
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interior of China with no access to
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different populations including Uni
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I am also interested in investigati
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Kuan Tze (pinyin: Guanzi, also “K
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Figure 4.4. Ethno-Religio-Linguisti
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Mean Dimension Scores Raw Score Mea
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An extensive meta-analysis of the s
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LBDQXII Dimension F 8: Consideratio
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Pearson correlations. Schwartz’ u
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� eliminates the necessity of cho
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Schwartz proposes value relationshi
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East Asia. China and New Zealand we
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SVS Dimension GZ: alpha for dimensi
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multiple levels of analysis so that
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individuals tend to assign shared m
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characteristic and wealth as a “n
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Multi-Organisational Levels of Anal
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LBDQXII Varimax Factors in the USA
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Individual and culture-level analys
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and by adding a descriptive phrase
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Human Resources Department for hote
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statistically independent of one an
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MRAT converts absolute value scores
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� use short, simple phrases; �
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of Mexico, it means wrist. This pat
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� Linear regression will be emplo
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Lee and Soutar (2009) discuss scali
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Figure 4.14. SVS and LBDQXII Respon
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Some are evidenced from Guadalajara
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Smith (2004) investigated these iss
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Item 57: SELF-INDULGENT (doing plea
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CHAPTER 5: RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF D
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does not require bootstrapping to e
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Figure 5.4. SVS RMSEA for the NZ SV
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Smallest Space Analysis for the Gua
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The following items conform to defi
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Figure 5.11. Two-Dimensional Smalle
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Figure 5.13. Two-Dimensional Smalle
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elationships at the Passive/Empower
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Analysing SSA item-dimension struct
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Figure 5.17. Chart of SVS Dimension
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Raw Scores 1995 Mgr Figure 5.20. Hi
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Lee & Soutar Random 2009 Figure 5.2
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Figure 5.24. Raw Score Rankings of
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variables. Age will be included as
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Figure 5.27. Pearson Inter-Correlat
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Figure 5.29. Correlations of Age an
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Figure 5.32. Education x Country Cr
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In some cases relating to relative
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Figure 5.36 SVS57 and LBDQXII Diffe
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In Figure 5.36 we see the analysis
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In the chart and table in Figures 5
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Structure of Charismatic Leadership
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for any dimension. For two borderli
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Figure 5.43 ANOVA and Chart of Gend
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Analysis of Covariance for SVS Dime
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Figure 5.47. Intercorrelations of P
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The intercorrelations amongst Age,
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Benevolence, Self-Direction, and Se
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CHAPTER 6: IMPLICATIONS OF RESULTS,
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owned by the co-operative, had rigo
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Figure 6.1. Components of Leader Be
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SVS samples to other demographics,
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Figure 6.3. SVS Individual Values D
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kind of person. Accurately translat
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� In NZ, high Tradition values re
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as strong business partners because
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ANOVA Tests Dimension Means 0.6 0.4
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These results indicate considerable
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aspirations. The shared and opposin
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Chinese businesspeople in Guangzhou
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Perceptions of the Dark Side of Lea
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Ehrlich et al. (1990) conclude, “
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LBDQXII correlations with Charisma/
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dimensions suggested by Ehrlich et
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male dominated organizations might
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to identify external locus of contr
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or plan, use serendipity (Crick and
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the regional context of Guangdong P
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negative indicator such as no, not,
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epresented different samples and di
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consistently, the only thing that y
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The Managerial Leader Actor Figure
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APPENDIX 4 -SURVEYS This appendix c
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SE15 Reciprocation of favours RECIP
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Achievement Hedonism Stimulation Se
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PR43. Is very skilful in an argumen
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The survey as presented to particip
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No. ________________________ IDEAL
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The “ideal managerial leader” A
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34 AMBITIOUS (hard-working, aspirin
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DATA CLEANING FOR THE SCHWARTZ VALE
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GZ: F3ToleranceofUncertainty Model
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GZ: F7RoleAssumption Model Unstanda
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GZ: F11Integration Model Unstandard
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NZ: F3ToleranceofUncertainty Model
Page 349 and 350:
NZ: F7RoleAssumption Model Unstanda
Page 351 and 352:
NZ: F11Integration Model Unstandard
Page 353 and 354:
Ah-Chong, Lee Moya and Thomas, Davi
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Arnold, K. A.; Barling, J. Kelloway
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Ayman, R. (1993). Leadership Percep
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Bass, B.M. and Avolio, B.J. (1990a)
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Best, Deborah L. and Everett Brady
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Bolman, L. G. and Deal, T. E. (1997
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Britt, T. W. Bliese, P. D. (2003).
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Campbell, L.T.; Simpson, J. A.; Ste
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Foust, Dean; Rocks, David and Kripa
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House, R.J.; Javidan, Mansour and D
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Hunt, J.G.; Boal, K.B. and Sorenson
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Littrell, Romie F. (2005). Cross-Cu
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Lord, R.G.; Brown, D.J. and Freiber
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McCormick, C.C. and Kavanagh, J. A.
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MFAT, New Zealand Ministry of Forei
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Munson, J. Michael and McIntyre, Sh
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Parker, P. M. (2000). Physioeconomi
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Peterson, Mark F. and Castro, Steph
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