comparative value priorities of chinese and new zealand

found that, aggregated over field and laboratory experimental studies, male and
female leaders were equally effective.
� Paris, Howell, Dorfman and Hanges (2009), using GLOBE project data found
that implicit preferred leadership prototypes held by female leaders differ from
the prototypes held by male leaders, and that these prototype differences vary
across countries, cultures, and industries. At this stage, the GLOBE project data
indicates implicit perceptions of preferred leadership, rather than preferred
leader behaviour.
Several researchers, such as Sheppard (1992) argue that female managers in male
dominated organisations may strive to display behaviour that is similar to male
colleagues in order to fit the managerial leadership role stereotypes to be credible as
managers in this situation and sufficiently feminine that they do not challenge
associates’ assumptions about gender. Schein (2001) discusses this situation in terms of
role congruity theory, Schein, in her research on sex stereotypes associated with
managerial leadership roles, finds that the roles typically have male attributes. The role
congruence behaviour could be explained in terms of reducing cognitive dissonance
(Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959).
Schwartz’ studies across many cultures reveal small gender differences that are reliable
only in very large samples (Schwartz, 1996a). Melech, Lehmann, Burgess, Harris and
Owens (2001) using the Portrait of Values Questionnaire (PVQ); a simplified adaptation
of the SVS, compared gender differences for value priorities amongst samples from
Italy, Israel, and South Africa. They expected largely weak correlations of values with
gender, which was indeed the case. Only 3 of the 30 correlations in the three samples
studied here were more than 0.11.Women in Israel gave higher priority than men to
benevolence values (r = .14, p < .05) and in South Africa to tradition values (r = .20, p <
.01); men in Italy gave higher priority to stimulation values (r = .17, p < .01). Thus,
findings with the PVQ are consistent with past research on gender and values.
Schwartz and Rubel (2005) in a study of 127 samples from 70 countries found
consistent cross-cultural sex differences for 7 of the 10 basic SVS values.
� Men attributed more importance than women did to Power, Stimulation,
Hedonism, Achievement, and Self-Direction values.
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