comparative value priorities of chinese and new zealand

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CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW ZEALAND A good summary of New Zealand popular culture and history is available in Fairburn (2008). Fairburn proposes that culturally New Zealand, particularly the Pakeha culture, is heavily influenced by the UK, Australia, and the USA. The term Pakeha has evolved from a Maori (the indigenous people of New Zealand) term referring to non-Maori. The word now refers to non-Maori New Zealanders of European heritage, particularly those from the United Kingdom (King, 1988, Spoonley, 1994). Originally, Pakeha had the neutral meaning of different. However, in contemporary New Zealand Spoonley (1994: 89) identifies the meaning as “membership in the dominant group and by a particular relationship to the Maori and to the social and physical environment of New Zealand”. The sample for this study in New Zealand consists of Pakeha participants. Pakeha are the majority influence in business. In September 2009, Statistics New Zealand 6 estimated there were 2,154,000 employed, including 253,700 Maori (11.8%). Pakeha comprise about 77% of the labour force. By a large majority, the management and professional positions are occupied by Pakeha and “Asians” (in New Zealand “Asians” include those of East Asian, Southeast Asian, and South Asian ethnicity). A thorough review of Maori culture and leadership is available in Pfeifer (2005), along with additional results for Pakeha in New Zealand using the GLOBE surveys. New Zealand consists of two islands, North Island and South Island. The South Island is the larger of the two; the other, North Island, is the more populous by a multiple of three, about 1 million to more than 3 million, with nearly 1.5 million in the Auckland City area. Being the larger, South Island is often called “the Mainland”. Today this expression is used humorously, although still with pride by “Mainlanders”. Only about a quarter of New Zealand’s four+ million inhabitants now live on the South Island, however, in the early stages of European Pakeha settlement of the country, the South Island was pre-eminent, with the majority of the European population and wealth focussed there, due to gold rushes. In the early 20 th century, the North Island population overtook the South, with 56% of the population living in the North in 1911 (King, 2003: 280-281). 6 http://www.stats.govt.nz/publications/product-development-and-publishing/nz-in-the-oecd/gdp-per- capita.aspx 95
Regional cultural distinctions tend to be between North Island and South Island, coinciding largely with population composition and size. Half a million Maori plus nearly two million Pakeha live in the north, and eight hundred thousand (mostly Pakeha) live in the south, culturally subdivided between English-heritage (around Canterbury) and Scottish-heritage (around Otago). Anecdotal Commentary The news media provide what is essentially anecdotal commentary. From a media analysis I carried out, primarily from paper and online sources from the New Zealand Herald, The Dominion, and the Sunday Star Times newspapers, the following characterisations are prevalent. North Island is characterised in the media and in advertising as urban, cosmopolitan, with an industrial economy; South Island is characterised as rural, with an agricultural and pastoral economy (Law, 1997). Despite New Zealand’s generally rural image internationally, 86% of the people live in the five main urban centres: Auckland (over one million people), Wellington (~360,000), Christchurch (~332,000), Hamilton (~160,000), and Dunedin (~112,000). National identity in New Zealand involves icons more than institutions. Sportspersons in general are iconic national identities, with Sir Edmund Hillary currently at the summit, so to speak, along with the rugby player or other sports winners of the moment. New Zealand is a relatively multicultural society (though more than 70% Pakeha); however, there is a strong presence of self-ghettoisation and racial prejudice. “Maori radicals” often voice their concerns about differentials in school conditions and funding, and living conditions in low-income state-assisted housing. Ethnicity and Geography in New Zealand There are four main ethnic categories collected in previous census data, New Zealand European (Pakeha), New Zealand Maori, Pacific Island Peoples, and “Asians”. Most of the Pakeha live in areas where there is little exposure to those of other ethnicities. New Zealand European-heritage residents live in relatively exclusive enclaves. Each of the 96
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COMPARATIVE VALUE PRIORITIES OF CHI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Countries as Cultural Units .......
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New Zealand SVS Sample SEM Test Res
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Linear Regression Results for the G
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Figure 4.20. USA Item Distributions
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Figure 6.2. Comparing SSA Results F
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I gratefully ackno
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis
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PREFACE I have occasionally used un
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COMMENTS CONCERNING BIBLIOGRAPHY Th
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though there have been a number of
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New Zealand and China entered into
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� clean and green but complacent,
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improve success rates in doing busi
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Expanding operations to countries w
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� What are the relationships betw
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CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS W
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for example, Einstein’s General T
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attributes that are believed to det
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and motivation; for further definit
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Figure 2.1. Relationships of Leader
Page 45 and 46: Studies indicated that the leader b
Page 47 and 48: dimensions, developing nine cluster
Page 49 and 50: THE OHIO STATE LEADER BEHAVIOUR THE
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.2. Correspondences amongst
Page 53 and 54: . Leadership as an effect of intera
Page 55 and 56: strong sense of “neiren” (inner
Page 57 and 58: given culture if a particular style
Page 59 and 60: � Kolb (1995) found the LBDQXII a
Page 61 and 62: initiating structure (Fleishman, 19
Page 63 and 64: laissez faire management provided r
Page 65 and 66: accounted for approximately 50 and
Page 67 and 68: valence. An adaptive feedback syste
Page 69 and 70: International Managerial Leadership
Page 71 and 72: Figure 2.5. Spencer and Peterson’
Page 73 and 74: interrelationships of dimension mea
Page 75 and 76: Direction, Universalism, Benevolenc
Page 77 and 78: Individuals promote values they con
Page 79 and 80: develop. The organisation is then m
Page 81 and 82: (5) Values are ordered by importanc
Page 83 and 84: ten basic values can be characteriz
Page 85 and 86: Figure 2.8. Chart of SSA Positionin
Page 87 and 88: the data and the impact of random s
Page 89 and 90: CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW WITH S
Page 91 and 92: The choice of direction of the orig
Page 93 and 94: now briefly summarise some major th
Page 95: The Role of Overseas Chinese Undoub
Page 99 and 100: interpreted as indicators of their
Page 101 and 102: usinesspeople might be attributed t
Page 103 and 104: culture that shapes us today. Confu
Page 105 and 106: Figure 3.2. Rankings of SVS Dimensi
Page 107 and 108: Holt (1997) investigated how cultur
Page 109 and 110: Statistically there are significant
Page 111 and 112: Comparison of Student and Teacher V
Page 113 and 114: Figure 3.8. ANOVA Tests of Between-
Page 115 and 116: There are questions concerning the
Page 117 and 118: Islamic Middle East, and “Africa
Page 119 and 120: of the literature points to four br
Page 121 and 122: 1. The relative importance of goals
Page 123 and 124: specific role demands of leaders, t
Page 125 and 126: in one or more areas, as well as a
Page 127 and 128: 9. Imaginative - creative but think
Page 129 and 130: transformational leadership style w
Page 131 and 132: Figure 3.11.Generation Cohorts in C
Page 133 and 134: Life stage Opportunities, demands,
Page 135 and 136: Evolutionary thinking might also ex
Page 137 and 138: found that, aggregated over field a
Page 139 and 140: CULTURE AND LEADERSHIP In every cul
Page 141 and 142: societies with relatively high Powe
Page 143 and 144: studying Paternalism, as it is a ge
Page 145 and 146: CHAPTER 4: METHODS AND METHODOLOGY
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Number of Areas Sampled In this stu
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Von Krogh and Roos (1995) assert th
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eplicated to similar cases, and thi
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acceptable for study. This, of cour
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phenomenon in major theories in the
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interior of China with no access to
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different populations including Uni
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I am also interested in investigati
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Kuan Tze (pinyin: Guanzi, also “K
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Figure 4.4. Ethno-Religio-Linguisti
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Mean Dimension Scores Raw Score Mea
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An extensive meta-analysis of the s
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LBDQXII Dimension F 8: Consideratio
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Pearson correlations. Schwartz’ u
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� eliminates the necessity of cho
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Schwartz proposes value relationshi
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East Asia. China and New Zealand we
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SVS Dimension GZ: alpha for dimensi
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multiple levels of analysis so that
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individuals tend to assign shared m
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characteristic and wealth as a “n
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Multi-Organisational Levels of Anal
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LBDQXII Varimax Factors in the USA
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Individual and culture-level analys
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and by adding a descriptive phrase
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Human Resources Department for hote
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statistically independent of one an
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MRAT converts absolute value scores
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� use short, simple phrases; �
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of Mexico, it means wrist. This pat
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� Linear regression will be emplo
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Lee and Soutar (2009) discuss scali
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Figure 4.14. SVS and LBDQXII Respon
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Some are evidenced from Guadalajara
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Smith (2004) investigated these iss
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Item 57: SELF-INDULGENT (doing plea
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CHAPTER 5: RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF D
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does not require bootstrapping to e
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Figure 5.4. SVS RMSEA for the NZ SV
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Smallest Space Analysis for the Gua
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The following items conform to defi
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Figure 5.11. Two-Dimensional Smalle
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Figure 5.13. Two-Dimensional Smalle
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elationships at the Passive/Empower
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Analysing SSA item-dimension struct
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Figure 5.17. Chart of SVS Dimension
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Raw Scores 1995 Mgr Figure 5.20. Hi
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Lee & Soutar Random 2009 Figure 5.2
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Figure 5.24. Raw Score Rankings of
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variables. Age will be included as
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Figure 5.27. Pearson Inter-Correlat
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Figure 5.29. Correlations of Age an
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Figure 5.32. Education x Country Cr
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In some cases relating to relative
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Figure 5.36 SVS57 and LBDQXII Diffe
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In Figure 5.36 we see the analysis
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In the chart and table in Figures 5
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Structure of Charismatic Leadership
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for any dimension. For two borderli
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Figure 5.43 ANOVA and Chart of Gend
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Analysis of Covariance for SVS Dime
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Figure 5.47. Intercorrelations of P
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The intercorrelations amongst Age,
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Benevolence, Self-Direction, and Se
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CHAPTER 6: IMPLICATIONS OF RESULTS,
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owned by the co-operative, had rigo
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Figure 6.1. Components of Leader Be
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SVS samples to other demographics,
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Figure 6.3. SVS Individual Values D
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kind of person. Accurately translat
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� In NZ, high Tradition values re
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as strong business partners because
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ANOVA Tests Dimension Means 0.6 0.4
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These results indicate considerable
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aspirations. The shared and opposin
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Chinese businesspeople in Guangzhou
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Perceptions of the Dark Side of Lea
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Ehrlich et al. (1990) conclude, “
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LBDQXII correlations with Charisma/
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dimensions suggested by Ehrlich et
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male dominated organizations might
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to identify external locus of contr
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or plan, use serendipity (Crick and
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the regional context of Guangdong P
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negative indicator such as no, not,
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epresented different samples and di
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consistently, the only thing that y
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The Managerial Leader Actor Figure
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APPENDIX 4 -SURVEYS This appendix c
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SE15 Reciprocation of favours RECIP
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Achievement Hedonism Stimulation Se
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PR43. Is very skilful in an argumen
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The survey as presented to particip
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No. ________________________ IDEAL
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The “ideal managerial leader” A
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34 AMBITIOUS (hard-working, aspirin
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DATA CLEANING FOR THE SCHWARTZ VALE
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GZ: F3ToleranceofUncertainty Model
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GZ: F7RoleAssumption Model Unstanda
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GZ: F11Integration Model Unstandard
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NZ: F3ToleranceofUncertainty Model
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NZ: F7RoleAssumption Model Unstanda
Page 351 and 352:
NZ: F11Integration Model Unstandard
Page 353 and 354:
Ah-Chong, Lee Moya and Thomas, Davi
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Arnold, K. A.; Barling, J. Kelloway
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Ayman, R. (1993). Leadership Percep
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Bass, B.M. and Avolio, B.J. (1990a)
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Best, Deborah L. and Everett Brady
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Bolman, L. G. and Deal, T. E. (1997
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Britt, T. W. Bliese, P. D. (2003).
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Campbell, L.T.; Simpson, J. A.; Ste
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De Mooij, Marieke and Hofstede, Gee
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Dodgson, P. G. and Wood, J. V. (199
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Dvir, T.; Eden, D. and Banjo, M. L.
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Foust, Dean; Rocks, David and Kripa
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Georgas, J.; Van De Vijver, F. J. R
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House, R.J.; Javidan, Mansour and D
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Hunt, J.G.; Boal, K.B. and Sorenson
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Jermier, J.M.; Slocum, J.W.; Fry, L
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Kalleberg, A.L. (1977) Work Values
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McCormick, C.C. and Kavanagh, J. A.
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MFAT, New Zealand Ministry of Forei
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Munson, J. Michael and McIntyre, Sh
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Parker, P. M. (2000). Physioeconomi
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Peterson, Mark F. and Castro, Steph
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