comparative value priorities of chinese and new zealand

Figure 3.12: Correlations of the ten values with age, and education in 20 countries
Value
Age Correlation
Education
Dimension
N=25,030
N=34,760
Security .26 (20) -0.20 (20)
Conformity .32 (20) -0.22 (20)
Tradition .33 (20) -0.22 (20)
Benevolence .13 (20) -0.04 (11)*
Gender
Universalism .15 (19) .06 (16)
Self-Direction -0.08 (15) .19 (20)
Stimulation -0.37 (20) .16 (19)
Hedonism -0.33 (20) .08 (15)
Achievement -0.26 (20) .14 (20)
Power -0.09 (18) .02 (13)*
*Correlation does not differ significantly from zero.
Psychoanalytic, role-learning, cultural feminism, and evolutionary theories of gender
differences led values researchers to postulate that men emphasize agentic 9 -instrumental
values such as power, whereas women emphasize expressive-communal values such as
benevolence (Feather, 1987; Prince-Gibson and Schwartz, 1998; Rokeach, 1973).
Interactions theories (e.g., Deaux and Major, 1990) postulated no consistent gender
differences.
Much of the research concerning women as managerial leaders is concerned with the
extent to which there are differences between the behaviour and effectiveness of male
and female managers that can be attributed to the condition of being male or female.
The male managerial leadership model is the norm in most societies (Eagly and Carli,
2003). Psychological studies show that, on average, males are more assertive, selfconfident,
and risk taking (Buss, 1999; Mezulis, Abramson, Hyde, and Hankin, 2004).
Hence, they should be quicker to seize the initiative in newly formed groups, and they
do. In mixed sex groups, men emerge as leaders more often than women (Aries, 1976).
Men are also more likely to take on a leadership role if they are being observed by
women, presumably because leadership is associated with status rewards (Campbell et
al., 2002), and status of a male is more strongly associated with reproductive success
(Buss, 1999; Perusse, 1993).
9
Agentic refers to a social cognition theory perspective in which people are producers as well as products
of social systems.
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