comparative value priorities of chinese and new zealand

Countries as Cultural Units ........................................................................................... 115
Clusters of Cultures ....................................................................................................... 115
Consequences of Cultural Value Orientations .............................................................. 117
Women’s Equality ..................................................................................................... 117
National Differences in the Importance of Work Values or Goals ........................... 117
Summary: Culture ......................................................................................................... 119
Preferred Leader Behaviour .......................................................................................... 120
Theory and Operationalisation of Explicit Leadership Behaviour ........................... 121
Assumptions and Limitations of the Leader Behaviour Paradigm ........................ 121
The Dark Side Of Leadership ....................................................................................... 123
Summary: Leadership ................................................................................................... 127
The Influence of Demographic Contingencies on Leader Behaviour and Cultural Values
....................................................................................................................................... 127
How Age Influences Values ..................................................................................... 128
Cohorts ................................................................................................................... 129
Physical Ageing ..................................................................................................... 131
Life stage ............................................................................................................... 132
Gender ....................................................................................................................... 133
Culture And Leadership ................................................................................................ 138
Culture-Specific and Universal Leader Behaviours .................................................. 139
The Interaction of Culture and Leadership ............................................................... 141
Summary ....................................................................................................................... 141
Conclusions From The Literature Review .................................................................... 142
CHAPTER 4: METHODS AND METHODOLOGY .................................................. 144
Methods ......................................................................................................................... 144
Epistemology and Methodology ................................................................................... 147
Operationalisation as Ontology ..................................................................................... 148
The Reductionist, Positivist, Empirical Approach ........................................................ 149
Assumptions in North American and Western European Centred Psychology ........ 151
The Survey Instruments ................................................................................................ 155
Focus Group Studies in China .................................................................................. 157
The Leader Behaviour Description Questionnaire XII ............................................. 157
Reverse Scored Items ................................................................................................ 159
Nations and Culture Areas ............................................................................................ 160
Fractionalisation, Effects, and Validity ..................................................................... 162
National and Sub-National Comparisons .................................................................. 164
Validity of the LBDQXII .......................................................................................... 167
Reliability of the LBDQXII ...................................................................................... 168
The Schwartz Values Survey .................................................................................... 171
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