comparative value priorities of chinese and new zealand

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Schwartz, Shalom H. (2005a). Basic Human Values: Their Content and Structure across Countries. in A. Tamayo and J. B. Porto (Eds.), Valores E Comportamento Nas Organizações (Values and Behavior in Organizations), Petrópolis, Brazil: Editora Universidade De Brasilia, pp. 21-55 Schwartz, Shalom H. (2005b). Basic Human Values: Theory Methods, and Applications. Working Paper Handed Out At the International Congress For the Study of Sources and Development of Pro-Social and Anti-Social Motivation, Catania University, Catania, Italy, October 2005. Http://Www.Google.Co.Nz/Url?Sa=Tandsource=Webandct=Resandcd=1andved=0cacq fjaaandurl=Http%3a%2f%2fsegr-Did2.Fmag.Unict.It%2fallegati%2fconvegno%25207- 8-10- 05%2fschwartzpaper.Pdfandrct=Jandq=%22basic+Human+Values%3a+Theory%2c+M ethods%2c+And+Applications%22+Schwartzandei=Lw8_S7zfgjsosgpr9otqcaandusg= Afqjcnhgnwioh16y2z2kx534g7f3k6lfha, Accessed 2 January 2010. Schwartz, Shalom H. (2005c). Robustness and Fruitfulness of a Theory of Universals in Individual Human Values. In A. Tamayo and J. B. Porto (Eds.), Valores E Comportamento Nas Organizações (Values and Behavior in Organizations). Petrópolis, Brazil: Editora Universidade De Brasilia, pp. 56-95. Schwartz, Shalom H. (2006). A Theory of Cultural Value Orientations: Explication and Applications, Comparative Sociology, 5: 137–182. Schwartz, Shalom H. (2006b). Les Valeurs De Base De La Personne: Théorie, Mesures et Applications [Basic Human Values: Theory, Measurement, and Applications]. Revue Française De Sociologie, 45, 929-968. Translation Provided By Author. Schwartz, Shalom H. (2006c). Value Orientations: Measurement, Antecedents and Consequences across Nations. In R. Jowell, C. Roberts, R. Fitzgerald, and G. Eva (Eds.), Measuring Attitudes Cross-Nationally-Lessons from the European Social Survey. London, UK: Sage. Schwartz, Shalom H. (2008). Cultural Value Orientations: Nature and Implications of National Differences. Moscow: Publishing House of Su Hse. Available At Http://Blogs.Helsinki.Fi/Valuesandmorality/Files/2009/09/Schwartz-Monograph- Cultural-Value-Orientations.Pdf, Accessed 29 January 2010. Schwartz, Shalom H. (2009). Draft Users Manual: Proper Use of the Schwarz Value Survey, Version 14 February 2009, Compiled By Romie F. Littrell. Auckland, New Zealand: Centre For Cross Cultural Comparisons, Http://Www.Crossculturalcentre.Homestead.Com, Accessed 17 September 2009. Schwartz, Shalom H. (N.D.). Human Values. Bergen, Norway: Norwegian Social Science Data Services, Http://Essedunet.Nsd.Uib.No/Cms/Topics/1/, Accessed 20 September 2008. Schwartz, Shalom H. and Bardi, A. (1997). Influences of Adaptation to Communist Rule on Value Priorities in Eastern Europe. Political Psychology, 18: 385-410. 437
Schwartz, Shalom H. and Bardi, A. (2000). Moral Dialogue across Cultures: An Empirical Perspective. In E. W. Lehman (Ed.). An Anthology of Communitarian Thought. Lanham, MD, USA: Rowman and Littlefield Schwartz, Shalom H. and Bardi, A. (2001). Value Hierarchies across Cultures: Taking a Similarities Perspective. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32: 268-290 Schwartz, Shalom H. and Bilksky, W. (1987). Toward A Psychological Structure of Human Values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53: 550-562. Schwartz, Shalom H. and Bilksky, W. (1990). Toward a Theory of the Universal Content and Structure of Values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58: 878- 891. Schwartz, Shalom H. and Bilsky, W. (1987). Toward A Psychological Structure of Human Values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(3): 550-562. Schwartz, Shalom H. and Boehnke, K. (2004). Evaluating the Structure of Human Values with Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 38: 230- 255. Schwartz, Shalom H. and Huismans, S. (1995). Value Priorities and Religiosity in Four Western Religions. Social Psychology Quarterly, 58: 88-107 Schwartz, Shalom H. and Melech, G. (1999). Value Development during Adolescence. Report Submitted to the Israeli Ministry of Education [In Hebrew], Translation Provided By Author. Schwartz, Shalom H. and Ros, M. (1995). Values in the West: A Theoretical and Empirical Challenge to the Individualism-Collectivism Cultural Dimension. World Psychology, 1: 99-122. Schwartz, Shalom H. and Rubel, T. (2005). Sex Differences in Value Priorities: Cross- Cultural and Multimethod Studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89: 1010-1028. Schwartz, Shalom H. and Rubel-Lifschitz, Tammy. (2009). Cross-National Variation in the Size of Sex Differences in Values: Effects of Gender Equality Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(1):171-185. Schwartz, Shalom H. and Sagiv, L. (1995). Identifying Culture Specifics in the Content and Structure of Values. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26: 92-116 Schwartz, Shalom H., Melech, G., Lehmann, A., Burgess, S. and Harris, M. (2001). Extending the Cross-Cultural Validity of the Theory of Basic Human Values with a Different Method of Measurement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32: 519-542. Schwartz, Shalom H., Sagiv, L. and Boehnke, K. (2000). Worries and Values. Journal of Personality, 68: 309-346. Schwartz, Shalom H., Verkasalo, M., Antonovsky, A. and Sagiv, L. (1997). Value Priorities and Social Desirability: Much Substance, Some Style. British Journal of Social Psychology, 36: 3-18. 438
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COMPARATIVE VALUE PRIORITIES OF CHI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Countries as Cultural Units .......
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New Zealand SVS Sample SEM Test Res
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Linear Regression Results for the G
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Figure 4.20. USA Item Distributions
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Figure 6.2. Comparing SSA Results F
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I gratefully ackno
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis
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PREFACE I have occasionally used un
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COMMENTS CONCERNING BIBLIOGRAPHY Th
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though there have been a number of
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New Zealand and China entered into
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� clean and green but complacent,
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improve success rates in doing busi
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Expanding operations to countries w
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� What are the relationships betw
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CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS W
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for example, Einstein’s General T
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attributes that are believed to det
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and motivation; for further definit
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Figure 2.1. Relationships of Leader
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Studies indicated that the leader b
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dimensions, developing nine cluster
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THE OHIO STATE LEADER BEHAVIOUR THE
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Figure 2.2. Correspondences amongst
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. Leadership as an effect of intera
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strong sense of “neiren” (inner
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given culture if a particular style
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� Kolb (1995) found the LBDQXII a
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initiating structure (Fleishman, 19
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laissez faire management provided r
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accounted for approximately 50 and
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valence. An adaptive feedback syste
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International Managerial Leadership
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Figure 2.5. Spencer and Peterson’
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interrelationships of dimension mea
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Direction, Universalism, Benevolenc
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Individuals promote values they con
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develop. The organisation is then m
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(5) Values are ordered by importanc
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ten basic values can be characteriz
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Figure 2.8. Chart of SSA Positionin
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the data and the impact of random s
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CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW WITH S
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The choice of direction of the orig
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now briefly summarise some major th
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The Role of Overseas Chinese Undoub
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Regional cultural distinctions tend
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interpreted as indicators of their
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usinesspeople might be attributed t
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culture that shapes us today. Confu
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Figure 3.2. Rankings of SVS Dimensi
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Holt (1997) investigated how cultur
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Statistically there are significant
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Comparison of Student and Teacher V
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Figure 3.8. ANOVA Tests of Between-
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There are questions concerning the
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Islamic Middle East, and “Africa
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of the literature points to four br
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1. The relative importance of goals
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specific role demands of leaders, t
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in one or more areas, as well as a
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9. Imaginative - creative but think
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transformational leadership style w
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Figure 3.11.Generation Cohorts in C
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Life stage Opportunities, demands,
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Evolutionary thinking might also ex
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found that, aggregated over field a
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CULTURE AND LEADERSHIP In every cul
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societies with relatively high Powe
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studying Paternalism, as it is a ge
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CHAPTER 4: METHODS AND METHODOLOGY
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Number of Areas Sampled In this stu
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Von Krogh and Roos (1995) assert th
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eplicated to similar cases, and thi
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acceptable for study. This, of cour
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phenomenon in major theories in the
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interior of China with no access to
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different populations including Uni
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I am also interested in investigati
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Kuan Tze (pinyin: Guanzi, also “K
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Figure 4.4. Ethno-Religio-Linguisti
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Mean Dimension Scores Raw Score Mea
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An extensive meta-analysis of the s
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LBDQXII Dimension F 8: Consideratio
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Pearson correlations. Schwartz’ u
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� eliminates the necessity of cho
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Schwartz proposes value relationshi
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East Asia. China and New Zealand we
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SVS Dimension GZ: alpha for dimensi
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multiple levels of analysis so that
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individuals tend to assign shared m
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characteristic and wealth as a “n
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Multi-Organisational Levels of Anal
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LBDQXII Varimax Factors in the USA
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Individual and culture-level analys
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and by adding a descriptive phrase
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Human Resources Department for hote
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statistically independent of one an
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MRAT converts absolute value scores
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� use short, simple phrases; �
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of Mexico, it means wrist. This pat
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� Linear regression will be emplo
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Lee and Soutar (2009) discuss scali
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Figure 4.14. SVS and LBDQXII Respon
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Some are evidenced from Guadalajara
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Smith (2004) investigated these iss
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Item 57: SELF-INDULGENT (doing plea
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CHAPTER 5: RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF D
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does not require bootstrapping to e
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Figure 5.4. SVS RMSEA for the NZ SV
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Smallest Space Analysis for the Gua
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The following items conform to defi
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Figure 5.11. Two-Dimensional Smalle
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Figure 5.13. Two-Dimensional Smalle
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elationships at the Passive/Empower
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Analysing SSA item-dimension struct
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Figure 5.17. Chart of SVS Dimension
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Raw Scores 1995 Mgr Figure 5.20. Hi
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Lee & Soutar Random 2009 Figure 5.2
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Figure 5.24. Raw Score Rankings of
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variables. Age will be included as
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Figure 5.27. Pearson Inter-Correlat
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Figure 5.29. Correlations of Age an
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Figure 5.32. Education x Country Cr
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In some cases relating to relative
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Figure 5.36 SVS57 and LBDQXII Diffe
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In Figure 5.36 we see the analysis
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In the chart and table in Figures 5
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Structure of Charismatic Leadership
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for any dimension. For two borderli
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Figure 5.43 ANOVA and Chart of Gend
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Analysis of Covariance for SVS Dime
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Figure 5.47. Intercorrelations of P
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The intercorrelations amongst Age,
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Benevolence, Self-Direction, and Se
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CHAPTER 6: IMPLICATIONS OF RESULTS,
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owned by the co-operative, had rigo
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Figure 6.1. Components of Leader Be
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SVS samples to other demographics,
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Figure 6.3. SVS Individual Values D
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kind of person. Accurately translat
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� In NZ, high Tradition values re
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as strong business partners because
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ANOVA Tests Dimension Means 0.6 0.4
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These results indicate considerable
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aspirations. The shared and opposin
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Chinese businesspeople in Guangzhou
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Perceptions of the Dark Side of Lea
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Ehrlich et al. (1990) conclude, “
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LBDQXII correlations with Charisma/
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dimensions suggested by Ehrlich et
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male dominated organizations might
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to identify external locus of contr
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or plan, use serendipity (Crick and
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the regional context of Guangdong P
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negative indicator such as no, not,
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epresented different samples and di
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consistently, the only thing that y
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The Managerial Leader Actor Figure
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APPENDIX 4 -SURVEYS This appendix c
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SE15 Reciprocation of favours RECIP
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Achievement Hedonism Stimulation Se
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PR43. Is very skilful in an argumen
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The survey as presented to particip
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No. ________________________ IDEAL
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The “ideal managerial leader” A
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34 AMBITIOUS (hard-working, aspirin
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DATA CLEANING FOR THE SCHWARTZ VALE
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GZ: F3ToleranceofUncertainty Model
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GZ: F7RoleAssumption Model Unstanda
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GZ: F11Integration Model Unstandard
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NZ: F3ToleranceofUncertainty Model
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NZ: F7RoleAssumption Model Unstanda
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NZ: F11Integration Model Unstandard
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Ah-Chong, Lee Moya and Thomas, Davi
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Arnold, K. A.; Barling, J. Kelloway
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Ayman, R. (1993). Leadership Percep
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Bass, B.M. and Avolio, B.J. (1990a)
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Best, Deborah L. and Everett Brady
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Bolman, L. G. and Deal, T. E. (1997
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Britt, T. W. Bliese, P. D. (2003).
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Campbell, L.T.; Simpson, J. A.; Ste
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Child, J. D. and Keiser, D. J. (197
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Cook T. and Campbell D. (1979). Qua
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De Mooij, Marieke and Hofstede, Gee
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Dodgson, P. G. and Wood, J. V. (199
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Dvir, T.; Eden, D. and Banjo, M. L.
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Elron, E. (1997). Top Management Te
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Festinger, Leon. (1957). A Theory o
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Foust, Dean; Rocks, David and Kripa
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Georgas, J.; Van De Vijver, F. J. R
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