comparative value priorities of chinese and new zealand

dimensions suggested by Ehrlich et al. are not consistently highly ranked by either
sample. Concerning preferred behaviour for a charisma dimension, further research and
development is required.
Gender
The Schwartz values theory does not consider gender other than as an independent
variable. House et al. (2004) found in the mean “as is” culture dimension scores, China
was very low in Gender Egalitarianism and New Zealand was low. In Hofstede and
Hofstede (2005), both China and New Zealand had moderate Masculinity/Femininity
means, mid-range amongst all countries with scores. Two hypotheses were proposed,
one for the LBDQXII and one for the SVS.
Aanalyses of both gender sub-sample centred score means and dimension ranks for the
LBDQXII found few significant differences for the gender x dimension analyses for the
Guangzhou sample, and no significant differences for the New Zealand sample. For GZ,
men had significantly higher average rankings for Tolerance of Freedom and
Consideration.
For the SVS value dimensions there were no differences for Conformity and Tradition
values. Analyses of both gender sub-sample centred score means and ranks for the SVS
found significant differences for the gender x dimension analyses for the Guangzhou
sample, but no significant differences for the New Zealand sample. For GZ, men had
significantly higher average rankings for Hedonism and women had higher rankings for
Power. For leader preferences, Females in Guangzhou had significantly lower Tolerance
of Freedom means and Consideration means, “tougher” values than men.
Since the 1980s, some researchers have suggested that leadership traits and behaviours
are associated with males (e.g., Baumgardner, Lord and Maher, 1991; Hall, Workman
and Marchioro, 1998). Early studies have also suggested that males and females tend to
differ in personality characteristics and this might affect their leadership styles
(Hoffman, 1977; Maier, 1970). Some researchers argue that males and females differ in
what they view as an effective leader. Due to different social experiences and
expectations, females tend to be raised and socialized to be more dependent and
nurturing whereas males tend to be raised and socialized to be more independent and
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