comparative value priorities of chinese and new zealand

B2. Alternatively, use raw scores and include MRAT as a covariate (i.e., a control at the
individual level) in all analyses.
The two alternative methods yield identical results.
3. For multidimensional scaling, canonical, discriminant, or confirmatory factor
analyses:
Use raw value scores for the items or 10 value means.
4. Exploratory factor analysis is not recommended to search for factors underlying
the value items. EFA is not suitable for discovering a set of relations amongst
variables that are derived from Multidimensional Scaling Smallest Space (SSA)
analysis and that may form a circumplex, as Schwartz believes his values data
do. Additionally, dimensions derived from inspection and interpretation of SSA
results will be correlated; that is, not orthogonal.
The first unrotated factor represents scale frequently will be a scale use or acquiescence
factor. It is not a substantive common factor. You can obtain a crude representation of
the structure of values using EFA by plotting the locations of the value items on factors
2 x 3 of the unrotated solution.
An issue effecting reliability, validity, and response styles is language to language
translation. I will now address some of the issues.
TRANSLATION OF SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
In what should have been a seminal article on translation that has apparently been
ignored by cross-cultural researchers, Werner and Campbell (1970) proposed decentring
as a way to develop instruments that would be appropriate in multiple cultures. When
cross-cultural research is conducted, the original language instrument is not considered
finalized until the entire translation process is completed. Therefore, if a translator
believes that a grammatical structure or word or tense must be changed to appropriately
fit the cultural group under study, the original instrument should also be changed to
reflect these linguistic and cultural characteristics. There should be a continual
comparison of the instruments in every language, and modifications are made to all
versions to account for problematic grammar and usage in the target languages. Doubleblind
translation only considers the original language; decentring, however, allows for
all translations to evolve during the course of the survey design. Werner and Campbell
propose guidelines for employing decentring:
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