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DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS AND DISPLAY 157 The sum X is 1.1 + 1.2 + ... + 2.3 = 63.3. The mean voltage X = 63.3/37 = 1.71. The median The median is the 50 per cent point, the point above which and below which half of the points lie. There is no formula for calculating the median. As an example, the above data are laid out in the form of a tally chart as follows: Value Count Cumulative count 1.1 1 1 1.2 2 3 1.3 3 6 1.4 4 10 1.5 3 13 1.6 3 16 1.7 3 19 1.8 3 22 1.9 5 27 2.0 4 31 2.1 3 34 2.2 2 36 2.3 1 37 The median will be the 19th point, somewhere between 1.7 and 1.8. It could be described as 1.7+ volts. The mode This is simply the most frequently occurring point. For example, in the data above, it is 1.9 volts. When the data are symmetrical about the mean, the mean, median and mode have the same value. The range The range is a measure of the overall spread of a set of values. It is defined as the arithmetic difference between the largest and smallest value. In the above example, the largest value is 2.3 and the smallest value is 1.1 so the range is 2.3 - 1.1 = 1.2 volts. The standard deviation The standard deviation is otherwise known as the root mean square deviation of all values from the mean. It is calculated by taking the difference of each value away from the mean, squaring it, and adding it to
158 100 METHODS FOR TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT all the other squared deviations. The total is then divided by the number of values involved minus 1. The square root is then taken. This is written: In the example the calculation is: VeX; - X) 2 n - 1 (1 .1 - 1.71)2 + (1 .2 - 1.71? + + (2 .3 - 1.71)2 36 V3.7757 = VO.10488 0.32 volts. = = There are simple methods of testing whether means, ranges and standard deviations of different samples differ statistically. Benefits Statistical techniques use the basic data and provide facts upon which decisions can be made. Example Examples of the mean, median, mode, range and standard deviation are given above. Reference G.K. Kanji (1993) 100 Statistical Tests. London: Sage.
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100 METHODS FOR TOTAL QUALITY MANAG
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PREFACE An essential part of the de
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THE ROLE OF TQM METHODS Total quali
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LIST OF METHODS (BY CATEGORY) Manag
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MANAGEMENT METHODS Method 1 Accepta
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REFERENCES Akao, Y. (1991) Hoshin K
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INDEX acceptable quality level (AQL
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