100-Metodos-de-Qualidade-Total

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DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS AND DISPLAY 231 Method 100 X-R chart Purpose To identify when the mean value or range in a sample of constant size is changing over time. When to use When monitoring a process to detect changes, or when a change has been made to process inputs to find out whether the mean or range changes. X-R charts are used to monitor variables data, when the values can vary over a continuous range, and when the sample size at each sampling point is greater than l. Examples of data drawn on an X-R chart include time to process insurance claims, temperature of a chemical reaction and width of metal slabs. How to use There are seven simple steps involved: 1 Collect the data. Draw up a table showing the readings for each of the samples at each sampling point. The number of samples at each sampling point is called n. The total number of sampling points is called m. 2 For each sample, calculate the mean X by adding together the X values and dividing by the sample size n. For each sample, calculate the range by subtracting the smallest value in each sample from the largest. This value i ' s called R. 3 Working down the table, add together all the X values and divide the result by the number_of sampling points m. This value is the grand mean and is written X (called X bar bar). Again, working down the table, add together all the R values and divide by m. This value is written R and called R bar. 4 Calculate the control limits for the X chart using the formula: Upper control limit (UCL) = X + A2 X R Lower control limit (LCL) = X - A2 X R S A2 is a constant, that when multiplied by R, gives 3 s.d. for the X chart. Calculate the control limits for the R chart using the formula: Upper control limit (UCL) = D4 X R
232 100 METHODS FOR TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT 20.5 20.0 ------------------------------------------ Figure 1 1 7 .5 1...L. * 2 ...I-J: 4 -'-! 6::-L- 1:-':: 8 0 :-L:-\ 12 1 .. 4 '-:: 1 6 :"'-: -n 1 8 2 :=:' 0 2 2 2 ot-: 4 :"'-: 26 2 8 -;( 30 Line graph of X 4.5 1 .0 0.5 0· 1...L.*24681012141618202224262830 Figure 2 Line graph of R Lower control limit (LCL) = 03 X R 04 and 03 are statistical constants that give ± 3 s.d. for the R chart. These limits are not symmetrical about the central line R. 6 Plot the data from the table onto the X-R control chart. The successive sampling points are shown on the horizontal axis, the X and R values are shown on the horizontal axis. Conventionally, the R chart is plotted below the X chart. 7 Interpret the results.
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100 METHODS FOR TOTAL QUALITY MANAG
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© Gopal K. Kanji and Mike Asher 19
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PREFACE An essential part of the de
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2 100 METHODS FOR TOTAL QUALITY MAN
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THE ROLE OF TQM METHODS Total quali
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LIST OF METHODS (BY CATEGORY) Manag
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MANAGEMENT METHODS Method 1 Accepta
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Page 241 and 242: REFERENCES Akao, Y. (1991) Hoshin K
Page 243 and 244: INDEX acceptable quality level (AQL
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100-Metodos-de-Qualidade-Total

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